Individual differences in skilled reading and the word frequency effect

Abstract

Variation in eye movement patterns can be considerable even within skilled readers. Here, individual differences and eye movements of 88 average-to-very-skilled readers were assessed to examine the reliability of previous observations of a reduced word frequency effect associated with skilled reading. Shorter fixation durations and higher skipping rates were observed for high frequency compared to low frequency words. Replicating the literature, high scores on reading ability and vocabulary knowledge tests predicted reduced frequency effects in gaze duration in models with single individual differences predictors. This reduced frequency effect expressed itself in faster reading of low frequency words in high scorers compared to low scorers. Next, a PCA grouped individual differences tests based on shared variance. High ‘lexical proficiency’ predicted shorter gaze durations, sentence reading times, and increased word skipping. ‘Lexical proficiency’ and the WIAT- II comprehension test predicted a reduced frequency effect in go past times and all tests apart from the NDRT comprehension test predicted a reduced frequency effect in sentence reading times. Data revealed surprising discrepancies in findings based on two subtests supposedly measuring comprehension (NDRT and WIAT-II), constituting an example of the jingle fallacy: the false assumption that two measures that share a name actually measure the same construct.

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Identifiers

ORCID for Charlotte E. Lee: orcid.org/0000-0003-0319-5635

ORCID for Hayward Godwin: orcid.org/0009-0005-1232-500X

ORCID for Denis Drieghe: orcid.org/0000-0001-9630-8410

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