Experimental investigations into a hybrid energy storage system using directly connected lead-acid and Li-ion batteries

Abstract

This paper presents experimental investigations into a hybrid energy storage system comprising directly parallel connected lead-acid and lithium batteries. This is achieved by the charge and discharge cycling of five hybrid battery configurations at rates of 0.2–1C, with a 10–50% depth of discharge (DoD) at 24 V and one at 48 V. The resulting data include the overall round-trip efficiency, transient currents, energy transfers between the strings, and the amount of energy discharged by each string across all systems. The general observation is that the round-trip efficiency drops from a maximum of around 94–95% in the first stages of the charge/discharge process, when only the Li-ion strings are active, to around 82–90% when the lead-acid strings reach a DoD of up to 50%. The most important parameters in the round-trip efficiency function are the ratio between the Li-ion and lead-acid energy available and the charge/discharge current. The energy transfer between the strings, caused by the transient currents, i

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Identifiers

ORCID for Andrew J. Cruden: orcid.org/0000-0003-3236-2535

ORCID for Suleiman M. Sharkh: orcid.org/0000-0001-7335-8503

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