Young, Susan, Absoud, Michael, Al-Attar, Zainab, Ani, Cornelius, Colley, William Andrew, Cortese, Samuele, Crame, Jo, Gudjonsson, Gisli H., Hill, Peter, Hollingdale, Jack, Mukherjee, Raja, Ozer, Susan, Partridge, Gavin, Smith, Jade, Woodhouse, Emma and Lewis, Alexandra (2024) The ADHD Assessment Quality Assurance Standard for Children and Teenagers (CAAQAS). Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 20 (20), 2603-2628. (doi:10.2147/NDT.S472923).
Abstract
Around 5% of the children and teenagers worldwide are affected by Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD], making it a major public health concern. Recently, demand for assessments has substantially increased, putting strain on healthcare and waiting lists. There is concern that pressure to clear service bottlenecks is leading to variable quality and reliability of ADHD assessments in this population. The ADHD Assessment Quality Assurance Standard for Children and Teenagers [CAAQAS] aims to address this by proposing a quality framework for ADHD assessments in this population. CAAQAS is intended to complement formal training, provide support to clinicians, inform commissioners, and empower children, teenagers, and caregivers on what to expect from an assessment and assessment report. Our goal is to promote evidence-based high-quality assessments, improve diagnostic accuracy, and reduce the risks of overdiagnosis, misdiagnosis, and underdiagnosis. Seven key topics were identified by authors which guided the development of this expert consensus statement. It was agreed that a high-quality diagnostic assessment of ADHD in this population commences with advance preparation to facilitate engagement of the child or teenager and caregivers. The consensus agreed that the minimum/essential standards for assessing and diagnosing ADHD adopt a systematic approach from pre-assessment through assessment to post-diagnostic stage, enabling ADHD to be disentangled from differential diagnoses. The process applies multi-source information to inform an assessment of development history and early risk factors, history of physical, mental health and other neurodevelopmental conditions, family, educational, and social histories. Assessment of core ADHD symptoms should include specific developmentally appropriate examples of associated difficulties and impairments. Neuropsychiatric and physical comorbidities should be assessed and identified. Recommendations for report writing are intended to facilitate effective communication between ADHD specialists and other services, and we highlight the importance of linking the diagnosis to an appropriate post-diagnostic discussion. Further, we discuss core competencies required to conduct a diagnostic assessment of ADHD in children and teenagers.
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