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Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation

Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation
Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation

The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. One approach to mitigating the effect of misinformation focuses on individual-level interventions, equipping policymakers and the public with essential tools to curb the spread and influence of falsehoods. Here we introduce a toolbox of individual-level interventions for reducing harm from online misinformation. Comprising an up-to-date account of interventions featured in 81 scientific papers from across the globe, the toolbox provides both a conceptual overview of nine main types of interventions, including their target, scope and examples, and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions, including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The nine types of interventions covered are accuracy prompts, debunking and rebuttals, friction, inoculation, lateral reading and verification strategies, media-literacy tips, social norms, source-credibility labels, and warning and fact-checking labels.

Humans, Communication, Social Media, Deception, Social Norms
2397-3374
1044-1052
Kozyreva, Anastasia
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Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp
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Herzog, Stefan M.
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Ecker, Ullrich K.H.
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Lewandowsky, Stephan
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Hertwig, Ralph
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Ali, Ayesha
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Bak-Coleman, Joe
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Barzilai, Sarit
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Basol, Melisa
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Berinsky, Adam J.
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Betsch, Cornelia
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Cook, John
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Fazio, Lisa K.
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Geers, Michael
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Guess, Andrew M.
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Huang, Haifeng
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Larreguy, Horacio
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Maertens, Rakoen
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Panizza, Folco
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Pennycook, Gordon
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Rand, David G
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Rathje, Steve
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Reifler, Jason
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Schmid, Philipp
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Smith, Mark
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Swire-Thompson, Briony
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Szewach, Paula
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van der Linden, Sander
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Wineburg, Sam
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Kozyreva, Anastasia
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Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp
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Herzog, Stefan M.
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Ecker, Ullrich K.H.
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Lewandowsky, Stephan
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Hertwig, Ralph
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Ali, Ayesha
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Bak-Coleman, Joe
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Barzilai, Sarit
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Basol, Melisa
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Berinsky, Adam J.
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Betsch, Cornelia
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Cook, John
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Fazio, Lisa K.
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Geers, Michael
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Guess, Andrew M.
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Huang, Haifeng
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Larreguy, Horacio
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Maertens, Rakoen
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Panizza, Folco
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Pennycook, Gordon
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Rand, David G
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Rathje, Steve
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Reifler, Jason
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Schmid, Philipp
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Smith, Mark
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Swire-Thompson, Briony
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Szewach, Paula
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van der Linden, Sander
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Wineburg, Sam
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Kozyreva, Anastasia, Lorenz-Spreen, Philipp, Herzog, Stefan M., Ecker, Ullrich K.H., Lewandowsky, Stephan, Hertwig, Ralph, Ali, Ayesha, Bak-Coleman, Joe, Barzilai, Sarit, Basol, Melisa, Berinsky, Adam J., Betsch, Cornelia, Cook, John, Fazio, Lisa K., Geers, Michael, Guess, Andrew M., Huang, Haifeng, Larreguy, Horacio, Maertens, Rakoen, Panizza, Folco, Pennycook, Gordon, Rand, David G, Rathje, Steve, Reifler, Jason, Schmid, Philipp, Smith, Mark, Swire-Thompson, Briony, Szewach, Paula, van der Linden, Sander and Wineburg, Sam (2024) Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation. Nature Human Behaviour, 8 (6), 1044-1052. (doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01881-0).

Record type: Article

Abstract

The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. One approach to mitigating the effect of misinformation focuses on individual-level interventions, equipping policymakers and the public with essential tools to curb the spread and influence of falsehoods. Here we introduce a toolbox of individual-level interventions for reducing harm from online misinformation. Comprising an up-to-date account of interventions featured in 81 scientific papers from across the globe, the toolbox provides both a conceptual overview of nine main types of interventions, including their target, scope and examples, and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions, including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The nine types of interventions covered are accuracy prompts, debunking and rebuttals, friction, inoculation, lateral reading and verification strategies, media-literacy tips, social norms, source-credibility labels, and warning and fact-checking labels.

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Toolbox_2.0_preprint_ - Accepted Manuscript
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Accepted/In Press date: 5 April 2024
Published date: 13 May 2024
Keywords: Humans, Communication, Social Media, Deception, Social Norms

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 498204
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/498204
DOI: doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01881-0
ISSN: 2397-3374
PURE UUID: 1ad0a231-c253-4ab4-bd7b-f4e728a594c8
ORCID for Jason Reifler: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-1116-7346

Catalogue record

Date deposited: 12 Feb 2025 17:44
Last modified: 22 Aug 2025 02:43

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Contributors

Author: Anastasia Kozyreva
Author: Philipp Lorenz-Spreen
Author: Stefan M. Herzog
Author: Ullrich K.H. Ecker
Author: Stephan Lewandowsky
Author: Ralph Hertwig
Author: Ayesha Ali
Author: Joe Bak-Coleman
Author: Sarit Barzilai
Author: Melisa Basol
Author: Adam J. Berinsky
Author: Cornelia Betsch
Author: John Cook
Author: Lisa K. Fazio
Author: Michael Geers
Author: Andrew M. Guess
Author: Haifeng Huang
Author: Horacio Larreguy
Author: Rakoen Maertens
Author: Folco Panizza
Author: Gordon Pennycook
Author: David G Rand
Author: Steve Rathje
Author: Jason Reifler ORCID iD
Author: Philipp Schmid
Author: Mark Smith
Author: Briony Swire-Thompson
Author: Paula Szewach
Author: Sander van der Linden
Author: Sam Wineburg

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