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The hierarchical growth of bright central galaxies and intracluster light as traced by the magnitude gap

The hierarchical growth of bright central galaxies and intracluster light as traced by the magnitude gap
The hierarchical growth of bright central galaxies and intracluster light as traced by the magnitude gap
Using a sample of 2800 galaxy clusters identified in the Dark Energy Survey across the redshift range $0.20 < z < 0.60$, we characterize the hierarchical assembly of Bright Central Galaxies (BCGs) and the surrounding intracluster light (ICL). To quantify hierarchical formation we use the stellar mass - halo mass (SMHM) relation, comparing the halo mass, estimated via the mass-richness relation, to the stellar mass within the BCG+ICL system. Moreover, we incorporate the magnitude gap (M14), the difference in brightness between the BCG (measured within 30 kpc) and 4th brightest cluster member galaxy within 0.5 $R_{200,c}$, as a third parameter in this linear relation. The inclusion of M14, which traces BCG hierarchical growth, increases the slope and decreases the intrinsic scatter, highlighting that it is a latent variable within the BCG+ICL SMHM relation. Moreover, the correlation with M14 decreases at large radii. However, the stellar light within the BCG+ICL transition region (30 kpc - 80 kpc) most strongly correlates with halo mass and has a statistically significant correlation with M14. Since the transition region and M14 are independent measurements, the transition region may grow due to the BCG's hierarchical formation. Additionally, as M14 and ICL result from hierarchical growth, we use a stacked sample and find that clusters with large M14 values are characterized by larger ICL and BCG+ICL fractions, which illustrates that the merger processes that build the BCG stellar mass also grow the ICL. Furthermore, this may suggest that M14 combined with the ICL fraction can identify dynamically relaxed clusters.
cD, galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, galaxies: evolution
1365-2966
622-638
Golden-Marx, Jesse B.
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Zhang, Y.
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Ogando, R. L. C.
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Yanny, B.
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Pereira, M. E. S.
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Hilton, M.
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Wiseman, P.
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Golden-Marx, Jesse B.
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Zhang, Y.
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Desai, S.
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Frieman, J.
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Vikram, V.
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Walker, A. R.
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Weaverdyck, N.
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Wiseman, P.
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Golden-Marx, Jesse B., Zhang, Y., Ogando, R. L. C., Yanny, B., Pereira, M. E. S., Hilton, M., Aguena, M., Allam, S., Andrade-Oliveira, F., Bacon, D., Brooks, D., Rosell, A. Carnero, Carretero, J., Cheng, T. -Y., da Costa, L. N., Vicente, J. De, Desai, S., Doel, P., Everett, S., Ferrero, I., Frieman, J., García-Bellido, J., Gatti, M., Giannini, G., Gruen, D., Gruendl, R. A., Gutierrez, G., Hinton, S. R., Hollowood, D. L., Honscheid, K., James, D. J., Kuehn, K., Lee, S., Mena-Fernández, J., Menanteau, F., Mohr, J., Miquel, R., Palmese, A., Pieres, A., Malagón, A. A. Plazas, Samuroff, S., Sanchez, E., Schubnell, M., Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Smith, M., Suchyta, E., Tarle, G., Vikram, V., Walker, A. R., Weaverdyck, N. and Wiseman, P. (2025) The hierarchical growth of bright central galaxies and intracluster light as traced by the magnitude gap. Monthly Notices Of The Royal Astronomical Society, 538 (2), 622-638. (doi:10.1093/mnras/staf277).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Using a sample of 2800 galaxy clusters identified in the Dark Energy Survey across the redshift range $0.20 < z < 0.60$, we characterize the hierarchical assembly of Bright Central Galaxies (BCGs) and the surrounding intracluster light (ICL). To quantify hierarchical formation we use the stellar mass - halo mass (SMHM) relation, comparing the halo mass, estimated via the mass-richness relation, to the stellar mass within the BCG+ICL system. Moreover, we incorporate the magnitude gap (M14), the difference in brightness between the BCG (measured within 30 kpc) and 4th brightest cluster member galaxy within 0.5 $R_{200,c}$, as a third parameter in this linear relation. The inclusion of M14, which traces BCG hierarchical growth, increases the slope and decreases the intrinsic scatter, highlighting that it is a latent variable within the BCG+ICL SMHM relation. Moreover, the correlation with M14 decreases at large radii. However, the stellar light within the BCG+ICL transition region (30 kpc - 80 kpc) most strongly correlates with halo mass and has a statistically significant correlation with M14. Since the transition region and M14 are independent measurements, the transition region may grow due to the BCG's hierarchical formation. Additionally, as M14 and ICL result from hierarchical growth, we use a stacked sample and find that clusters with large M14 values are characterized by larger ICL and BCG+ICL fractions, which illustrates that the merger processes that build the BCG stellar mass also grow the ICL. Furthermore, this may suggest that M14 combined with the ICL fraction can identify dynamically relaxed clusters.

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staf277 - Version of Record
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Accepted/In Press date: 12 February 2025
e-pub ahead of print date: 13 February 2025
Published date: 6 March 2025
Keywords: cD, galaxies: clusters: general, galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, galaxies: evolution

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 499119
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/499119
DOI: doi:10.1093/mnras/staf277
ISSN: 1365-2966
PURE UUID: 90a441f8-f01c-4cdc-a22a-6f155e4f6f11
ORCID for P. Wiseman: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-3073-1512

Catalogue record

Date deposited: 10 Mar 2025 17:37
Last modified: 22 Aug 2025 02:21

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Contributors

Author: Jesse B. Golden-Marx
Author: Y. Zhang
Author: R. L. C. Ogando
Author: B. Yanny
Author: M. E. S. Pereira
Author: M. Hilton
Author: M. Aguena
Author: S. Allam
Author: F. Andrade-Oliveira
Author: D. Bacon
Author: D. Brooks
Author: A. Carnero Rosell
Author: J. Carretero
Author: T. -Y. Cheng
Author: L. N. da Costa
Author: J. De Vicente
Author: S. Desai
Author: P. Doel
Author: S. Everett
Author: I. Ferrero
Author: J. Frieman
Author: J. García-Bellido
Author: M. Gatti
Author: G. Giannini
Author: D. Gruen
Author: R. A. Gruendl
Author: G. Gutierrez
Author: S. R. Hinton
Author: D. L. Hollowood
Author: K. Honscheid
Author: D. J. James
Author: K. Kuehn
Author: S. Lee
Author: J. Mena-Fernández
Author: F. Menanteau
Author: J. Mohr
Author: R. Miquel
Author: A. Palmese
Author: A. Pieres
Author: A. A. Plazas Malagón
Author: S. Samuroff
Author: E. Sanchez
Author: M. Schubnell
Author: I. Sevilla-Noarbe
Author: M. Smith
Author: E. Suchyta
Author: G. Tarle
Author: V. Vikram
Author: A. R. Walker
Author: N. Weaverdyck
Author: P. Wiseman ORCID iD

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