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THz-TDS: extracting complex conductivity of two-dimensional materials via neural networks trained on synthetic and experimental data

THz-TDS: extracting complex conductivity of two-dimensional materials via neural networks trained on synthetic and experimental data
THz-TDS: extracting complex conductivity of two-dimensional materials via neural networks trained on synthetic and experimental data

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) has proved immensely useful for probing 2D materials such as graphene. Unlike in the visible regime, the optical properties at terahertz frequencies are highly dependant on charge carrier mobility and scattering time. However, extracting the material properties from the terahertz waveform is a non-trivial process, which can be prone to producing erroneous results. Artificial neural networks have recently been demonstrated as useful tools to extract complex refractive index from terahertz time domain data. Here, we propose the use of artificial neural networks to interpret terahertz spectra of graphene monolayers to extract the charge carrier mobility and scattering time. We demonstrate improved performance on out-of-distribution data by using a combination of synthetically generated spectra and experimental data during training.

1094-4087
14872-14884
Beddoes, Benjamin
35375a11-5785-4874-a0a8-88b50be6cede
Klokkou, Nicholas
28e68acd-c66f-495f-87f3-91235fe03503
Gorecki, Jon
8ca86ca2-605f-4355-a828-d2d0cbdb6957
Whelan, Patrick
2fb7097f-b0d7-4e0a-ade6-ac046ea2fe4c
Boggild, Peter
8ba5b7b3-9acb-4d92-9f08-9d874a0ce711
Jepsen, Peter U.
8ae73277-bb14-46d7-ab5e-c017ccce1d20
Apostolopoulos, Vasileios
8a898740-4c71-4040-a577-9b9d70530b4d
Beddoes, Benjamin
35375a11-5785-4874-a0a8-88b50be6cede
Klokkou, Nicholas
28e68acd-c66f-495f-87f3-91235fe03503
Gorecki, Jon
8ca86ca2-605f-4355-a828-d2d0cbdb6957
Whelan, Patrick
2fb7097f-b0d7-4e0a-ade6-ac046ea2fe4c
Boggild, Peter
8ba5b7b3-9acb-4d92-9f08-9d874a0ce711
Jepsen, Peter U.
8ae73277-bb14-46d7-ab5e-c017ccce1d20
Apostolopoulos, Vasileios
8a898740-4c71-4040-a577-9b9d70530b4d

Beddoes, Benjamin, Klokkou, Nicholas, Gorecki, Jon, Whelan, Patrick, Boggild, Peter, Jepsen, Peter U. and Apostolopoulos, Vasileios (2025) THz-TDS: extracting complex conductivity of two-dimensional materials via neural networks trained on synthetic and experimental data. Optics Express, 33 (7), 14872-14884. (doi:10.1364/OE.557580).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (TDS) has proved immensely useful for probing 2D materials such as graphene. Unlike in the visible regime, the optical properties at terahertz frequencies are highly dependant on charge carrier mobility and scattering time. However, extracting the material properties from the terahertz waveform is a non-trivial process, which can be prone to producing erroneous results. Artificial neural networks have recently been demonstrated as useful tools to extract complex refractive index from terahertz time domain data. Here, we propose the use of artificial neural networks to interpret terahertz spectra of graphene monolayers to extract the charge carrier mobility and scattering time. We demonstrate improved performance on out-of-distribution data by using a combination of synthetically generated spectra and experimental data during training.

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Accepted/In Press date: 16 March 2025
e-pub ahead of print date: 25 March 2025
Published date: 7 April 2025

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 499764
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/499764
ISSN: 1094-4087
PURE UUID: e3d80520-f16e-4d15-9757-56e2d21914aa
ORCID for Benjamin Beddoes: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-1577-5362
ORCID for Nicholas Klokkou: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-0999-3745
ORCID for Vasileios Apostolopoulos: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-3733-2191

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Date deposited: 03 Apr 2025 16:43
Last modified: 22 Aug 2025 02:35

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Contributors

Author: Benjamin Beddoes ORCID iD
Author: Jon Gorecki
Author: Patrick Whelan
Author: Peter Boggild
Author: Peter U. Jepsen

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