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Beyond proximityy: an observational study of stillbirth rates and emergency obstetric and newborn care accessibility in The Gambia

Beyond proximityy: an observational study of stillbirth rates and emergency obstetric and newborn care accessibility in The Gambia
Beyond proximityy: an observational study of stillbirth rates and emergency obstetric and newborn care accessibility in The Gambia
Introduction: stillbirths are disproportionately concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, where geographic accessibility to emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC and CEmONC) significantly influences maternal and perinatal outcomes. This study describes stillbirth rates within healthcare facilities in The Gambia and examines their distribution in relation to the geographical accessibility of these facilities.

Methods: we analysed 97,276 births recorded between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2018, from ten major public healthcare facilities in The Gambia. To standardize definitions, stillbirths were defined as fetal deaths with a birth weight of ≥500 grams. Fresh stillbirths were reclassified as intrapartum, and macerated stillbirths were reclassified as antepartum. Linear regression with cubic splines was used to model trends, and AccessMod software estimated travel times to facilities.

Results: among recorded births, 5.1% (4,873) were stillbirths, with an overall stillbirth rate of 51.3 per 1,000 births (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 27.5 – 93.6). Intrapartum stillbirths accounted for 53.8% (27.6 per 1,000 births; 95% CI: 14.4–49.8). Fully functional CEmONC facilities reported the highest stillbirth rates, including the National Teaching Hospital (101.7 per 1,000 births, 95% CI: 96.8–106.8). Approximately 42.8%, 58.9%, and 68.3% of women aged 15–49 lived within a 10, 20, and 30-minute travel time, respectively, to fully functional CEmONC facilities, where high stillbirth rates were concentrated.

Conclusions: in The Gambia, intrapartum stillbirth rates remain alarmingly high, even in geographically accessible CEmONC facilities. Inadequate documentation of fetal heart rate on admission hampers accurate classification, complicating targeted interventions. Ensuring that EmONC-designated facilities—particularly those providing BEmONC services—are fully functional with essential equipment, trained staff, and robust referral systems, while enhancing the timeliness and quality of obstetric care, is crucial to reducing stillbirth rates.
Adult, Emergency Medical Services/statistics & numerical data, Female, Gambia/epidemiology, Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Stillbirth/epidemiology, Young Adult
2059-7908
Wariri, Oghenebrume
be0001b6-357e-47d0-bfd1-2e86d110424e
Dotse-Gborgbortsi, Winfred
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Agbla, Schadrac C.
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Jah, Hawanatu
95884a70-3d59-4d46-9b35-5b046e0826f5
Janneh, Mariama
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Cham, Mamady
af206198-879c-400c-9386-f485c0fb951d
Jawara, Ba Foday
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Nayassi, Momodou
c689c30b-b6e7-490c-9a62-eb516123da84
Marema, Musa
8e561db5-8d69-467b-bcaa-ecf53bb20d29
Sanneh, Sainey
17609e88-fc02-42dd-b1ff-5bc2af37418c
Kampmann, Beate
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Banke-Thomas, Aduragbemi
f36a29f5-c419-4b54-8293-d0f803f1b428
Lawn, Joy E.
3c0918e1-1e09-48c1-812c-650ed2940aec
Okomo, Uduak
db695888-1abf-405b-a4a5-621107b44c7b
Wariri, Oghenebrume
be0001b6-357e-47d0-bfd1-2e86d110424e
Dotse-Gborgbortsi, Winfred
02d3e356-268e-4650-9fb9-9638ccdb6eff
Agbla, Schadrac C.
a0f2d12c-1e3b-4e33-9769-2d0bd7be6aa4
Jah, Hawanatu
95884a70-3d59-4d46-9b35-5b046e0826f5
Janneh, Mariama
5ac6899b-3d57-4854-86fb-c14b22710732
Cham, Mamady
af206198-879c-400c-9386-f485c0fb951d
Jawara, Ba Foday
00e78207-0796-4236-b2f8-9ec3c9d4c8b5
Nayassi, Momodou
c689c30b-b6e7-490c-9a62-eb516123da84
Marema, Musa
8e561db5-8d69-467b-bcaa-ecf53bb20d29
Sanneh, Sainey
17609e88-fc02-42dd-b1ff-5bc2af37418c
Kampmann, Beate
8aab20a5-1787-45f5-b51f-15ef86706500
Banke-Thomas, Aduragbemi
f36a29f5-c419-4b54-8293-d0f803f1b428
Lawn, Joy E.
3c0918e1-1e09-48c1-812c-650ed2940aec
Okomo, Uduak
db695888-1abf-405b-a4a5-621107b44c7b

Wariri, Oghenebrume, Dotse-Gborgbortsi, Winfred, Agbla, Schadrac C., Jah, Hawanatu, Janneh, Mariama, Cham, Mamady, Jawara, Ba Foday, Nayassi, Momodou, Marema, Musa, Sanneh, Sainey, Kampmann, Beate, Banke-Thomas, Aduragbemi, Lawn, Joy E. and Okomo, Uduak (2025) Beyond proximityy: an observational study of stillbirth rates and emergency obstetric and newborn care accessibility in The Gambia. BMJ Global Health, 10 (4), [e016579]. (doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2024-016579).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Introduction: stillbirths are disproportionately concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa, where geographic accessibility to emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC and CEmONC) significantly influences maternal and perinatal outcomes. This study describes stillbirth rates within healthcare facilities in The Gambia and examines their distribution in relation to the geographical accessibility of these facilities.

Methods: we analysed 97,276 births recorded between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2018, from ten major public healthcare facilities in The Gambia. To standardize definitions, stillbirths were defined as fetal deaths with a birth weight of ≥500 grams. Fresh stillbirths were reclassified as intrapartum, and macerated stillbirths were reclassified as antepartum. Linear regression with cubic splines was used to model trends, and AccessMod software estimated travel times to facilities.

Results: among recorded births, 5.1% (4,873) were stillbirths, with an overall stillbirth rate of 51.3 per 1,000 births (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 27.5 – 93.6). Intrapartum stillbirths accounted for 53.8% (27.6 per 1,000 births; 95% CI: 14.4–49.8). Fully functional CEmONC facilities reported the highest stillbirth rates, including the National Teaching Hospital (101.7 per 1,000 births, 95% CI: 96.8–106.8). Approximately 42.8%, 58.9%, and 68.3% of women aged 15–49 lived within a 10, 20, and 30-minute travel time, respectively, to fully functional CEmONC facilities, where high stillbirth rates were concentrated.

Conclusions: in The Gambia, intrapartum stillbirth rates remain alarmingly high, even in geographically accessible CEmONC facilities. Inadequate documentation of fetal heart rate on admission hampers accurate classification, complicating targeted interventions. Ensuring that EmONC-designated facilities—particularly those providing BEmONC services—are fully functional with essential equipment, trained staff, and robust referral systems, while enhancing the timeliness and quality of obstetric care, is crucial to reducing stillbirth rates.

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Submitted date: 16 June 2024
Accepted/In Press date: 17 March 2025
Published date: 3 April 2025
Keywords: Adult, Emergency Medical Services/statistics & numerical data, Female, Gambia/epidemiology, Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Stillbirth/epidemiology, Young Adult

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 500084
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/500084
ISSN: 2059-7908
PURE UUID: f1d16dee-0144-483f-93fc-e375ac700f2e
ORCID for Winfred Dotse-Gborgbortsi: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-7627-1809

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Date deposited: 15 Apr 2025 16:37
Last modified: 17 Sep 2025 02:15

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Contributors

Author: Oghenebrume Wariri
Author: Winfred Dotse-Gborgbortsi ORCID iD
Author: Schadrac C. Agbla
Author: Hawanatu Jah
Author: Mariama Janneh
Author: Mamady Cham
Author: Ba Foday Jawara
Author: Momodou Nayassi
Author: Musa Marema
Author: Sainey Sanneh
Author: Beate Kampmann
Author: Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas
Author: Joy E. Lawn
Author: Uduak Okomo

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