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Skin wetness perception across body sites in children and adolescents aged 7-16 years old

Skin wetness perception across body sites in children and adolescents aged 7-16 years old
Skin wetness perception across body sites in children and adolescents aged 7-16 years old
Human skin wetness perception relies on the multisensory integration of thermal and mechanical cues during contact with moisture. Yet, it is unknown whether children and adolescents perceive skin wetness similarly to younger and older adults. We investigated skin wetness perceptions across the forehead, neck, forearm, and foot dorsum in 12 children/adolescents (4F/8M; 12 ± 3 years), 41 younger (21F/20M; 25 ± 3 years), and 21 older adults (11F/10M; 56 ± 6 years), during two established quantitative sensory tests. Our results indicated that, given the same moisture content (0.8 mL of water), very cold-wet stimuli applied to the forearm were perceived by all groups as wetter than neutral-wet (mean difference: 35.5 mm on a 100-mm visual analogue scale for wetness [95% CI: 22.3, 38.7]; P < 0.0001; ∼35% difference) and very hot-wet stimuli (mean difference: 22.7 mm [95% CI: 14.5, 40.9]; P < 0.0001; ∼23% difference). Children/adolescents also reported greater wetness perceptions than older adults during cold-wet stimulation of the forehead, neck and foot dorsum (mean difference: 20.6 mm; 95% CI: 1.5, 39.7; P = 0.031; ∼21% difference). In all age groups, the foot dorsum presented higher cold-wet sensitivity (mean difference: 11.1mm [95%CI 2.2, 20.0] p = 0.010; ~11% difference) and lower warm-wet sensitivity than the neck (mean difference: 12.9mm [95%CI 2.8, 23.0] p = 0.008; ~13% difference). We conclude that wetness perceptions in children/adolescents (age range: 7-16 years) are similar to those of adults in that both present (1) a characteristic U-shaped relationship between stimulus temperature and perceived wetness magnitude and (2) similar body regional patterns. These findings provide novel evidence on age-dependent variations in wetness perception which could inform user-centred innovation in thermal protection and garment design.
adolescents, body temperature regulation, children, elderly, skin, thermal sensation, wetness perception
0958-0670
Valenza, Alessandro
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Blount, Hannah
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Ward, Jade
46e85414-ec11-42f9-bfec-b0f8b85b7abf
Merrick, Charlotte
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Wootten, Riley
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Dearden, Jasmin
bbb2f709-2764-4f9f-aae0-00e487402135
Wildgoose, Charlotte
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Bianco, Antonino
c813a96b-983f-438f-8ee8-36c67746e727
Buoite-Stella, Alex
5bcc50a8-f4a5-4182-9815-8da38d105df4
Filingeri, Victoria L
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Worsley, Peter R.
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Filingeri, Davide
42502a34-e7e6-4b49-b304-ce2ae0bf7b24
Valenza, Alessandro
60b629a5-c527-4137-8efb-6670b165d319
Blount, Hannah
18ae3446-5435-4631-b8df-ee957494c304
Ward, Jade
46e85414-ec11-42f9-bfec-b0f8b85b7abf
Merrick, Charlotte
10bd9458-829e-4662-b9ee-4c687926ae93
Wootten, Riley
c386571b-7f5c-44cf-83f5-459971352668
Dearden, Jasmin
bbb2f709-2764-4f9f-aae0-00e487402135
Wildgoose, Charlotte
0b6dc71d-0896-4463-9caf-e1420270f15e
Bianco, Antonino
c813a96b-983f-438f-8ee8-36c67746e727
Buoite-Stella, Alex
5bcc50a8-f4a5-4182-9815-8da38d105df4
Filingeri, Victoria L
25cfe760-0234-4694-bc9c-cdce194eb586
Worsley, Peter R.
6d33aee3-ef43-468d-aef6-86d190de6756
Filingeri, Davide
42502a34-e7e6-4b49-b304-ce2ae0bf7b24

Valenza, Alessandro, Blount, Hannah, Ward, Jade, Merrick, Charlotte, Wootten, Riley, Dearden, Jasmin, Wildgoose, Charlotte, Bianco, Antonino, Buoite-Stella, Alex, Filingeri, Victoria L, Worsley, Peter R. and Filingeri, Davide (2025) Skin wetness perception across body sites in children and adolescents aged 7-16 years old. Experimental Physiology. (doi:10.1113/EP092691).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Human skin wetness perception relies on the multisensory integration of thermal and mechanical cues during contact with moisture. Yet, it is unknown whether children and adolescents perceive skin wetness similarly to younger and older adults. We investigated skin wetness perceptions across the forehead, neck, forearm, and foot dorsum in 12 children/adolescents (4F/8M; 12 ± 3 years), 41 younger (21F/20M; 25 ± 3 years), and 21 older adults (11F/10M; 56 ± 6 years), during two established quantitative sensory tests. Our results indicated that, given the same moisture content (0.8 mL of water), very cold-wet stimuli applied to the forearm were perceived by all groups as wetter than neutral-wet (mean difference: 35.5 mm on a 100-mm visual analogue scale for wetness [95% CI: 22.3, 38.7]; P < 0.0001; ∼35% difference) and very hot-wet stimuli (mean difference: 22.7 mm [95% CI: 14.5, 40.9]; P < 0.0001; ∼23% difference). Children/adolescents also reported greater wetness perceptions than older adults during cold-wet stimulation of the forehead, neck and foot dorsum (mean difference: 20.6 mm; 95% CI: 1.5, 39.7; P = 0.031; ∼21% difference). In all age groups, the foot dorsum presented higher cold-wet sensitivity (mean difference: 11.1mm [95%CI 2.2, 20.0] p = 0.010; ~11% difference) and lower warm-wet sensitivity than the neck (mean difference: 12.9mm [95%CI 2.8, 23.0] p = 0.008; ~13% difference). We conclude that wetness perceptions in children/adolescents (age range: 7-16 years) are similar to those of adults in that both present (1) a characteristic U-shaped relationship between stimulus temperature and perceived wetness magnitude and (2) similar body regional patterns. These findings provide novel evidence on age-dependent variations in wetness perception which could inform user-centred innovation in thermal protection and garment design.

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Accepted/In Press date: 12 May 2025
e-pub ahead of print date: 31 May 2025
Additional Information: © 2025 The Author(s). Experimental Physiology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Physiological Society.
Keywords: adolescents, body temperature regulation, children, elderly, skin, thermal sensation, wetness perception

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 501776
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/501776
ISSN: 0958-0670
PURE UUID: b9525939-13af-4f3b-b33d-03916e4c95dd
ORCID for Hannah Blount: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-2419-1716
ORCID for Jade Ward: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-2304-1342
ORCID for Peter R. Worsley: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-0145-5042
ORCID for Davide Filingeri: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-5652-395X

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Date deposited: 09 Jun 2025 18:17
Last modified: 11 Sep 2025 03:31

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Contributors

Author: Alessandro Valenza
Author: Hannah Blount ORCID iD
Author: Jade Ward ORCID iD
Author: Charlotte Merrick
Author: Riley Wootten
Author: Jasmin Dearden
Author: Charlotte Wildgoose
Author: Antonino Bianco
Author: Alex Buoite-Stella
Author: Victoria L Filingeri

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