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Improving physical function with physiotherapy assistants following intensive care unit admission (EMPRESS): a randomised controlled feasibility study

Improving physical function with physiotherapy assistants following intensive care unit admission (EMPRESS): a randomised controlled feasibility study
Improving physical function with physiotherapy assistants following intensive care unit admission (EMPRESS): a randomised controlled feasibility study

Introduction: early rehabilitation of critically ill patients is challenging due to limited staff resources. This study assessed the feasibility of delivering a randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy assistants delivering early protocolised rehabilitation plus usual care compared with usual care. 

Methods: we conducted a randomised feasibility study in three U.K. mixed medical/surgical intensive care units. Eligible patients were intubated and ventilated <72 h, expected to be ventilated for a further 48 h, and functionally independent before ICU admission. Patients were randomised to protocolised early rehabilitation plus usual care or usual care. Feasibility outcomes were (i) recruitment of one to two patients/per month/site; (ii) >75% of patients commencing the intervention within 72 h of ventilation with >70% interventions delivered; and (iii) blinded outcome measures recorded at three-time points in >80% of patients. 

Results: the study delivery was compromised by the COVID-19 pandemic: 46 patients were enrolled, of which 22 were allocated to intervention. Feasibility outcomes: (i) recruitment of 0.9 patients/month/site, (ii) 90% of patients commenced interventions within 72 h of ventilation, with 166/264 (63%) of study interventions delivered: median total 22.5 min (IQR 15–35) of therapy per day in the usual care group and 45 min (IQR 25–70) in the intervention group, and (iii) the outcome assessments were performed at three-time points for 64% of survivors, 63% of which were blinded. 

Conclusion: while delivery of protocolised rehabilitation by physiotherapy assistants is feasible, the design of a future RCT needs to consider strategies to improve recruitment and complete blinded outcome assessments.

critical care, cycle ergometry, exercise therapy, Feasibility, humans, physical therapy modalities, physiotherapy assistant, protocolised rehabilitation
1751-1437
Cusack, Rebecca J.
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Bates, Andrew
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Golding, Hannah
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Mitchell, Kay
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Denehy, Linda
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Hart, Nicholas
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Dushianthan, Ahilanandan
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Sturmey, Gordon
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Davey, Iain
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van Willigen, Zoe
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Elliott, Sarah
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Ortiz-RuizDeGordoa, Laura
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Cooper, Jessica
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Philips, Barbara
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Rains, Jenny
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Pitts, Sally
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Beauchamp, Nigel
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Reading, Isabel
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Grocott, Mike
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Cusack, Rebecca J.
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Bates, Andrew
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Golding, Hannah
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Mitchell, Kay
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Denehy, Linda
77ddbcaa-6710-47c8-a19e-ec6e66f5fe19
Hart, Nicholas
4e7fb60a-0da1-4033-b16f-0e2616961298
Dushianthan, Ahilanandan
013692a2-cf26-4278-80bd-9d8fcdb17751
Sturmey, Gordon
03c25186-926c-41a8-9d3b-a6a5e7310ba5
Davey, Iain
e45362ed-cfa6-4be1-873d-af0de7c53702
van Willigen, Zoe
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Elliott, Sarah
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Ortiz-RuizDeGordoa, Laura
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Cooper, Jessica
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Philips, Barbara
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Rains, Jenny
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Pitts, Sally
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Beauchamp, Nigel
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Reading, Isabel
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Grocott, Mike
1e87b741-513e-4a22-be13-0f7bb344e8c2

Cusack, Rebecca J., Bates, Andrew, Golding, Hannah, Mitchell, Kay, Denehy, Linda, Hart, Nicholas, Dushianthan, Ahilanandan, Sturmey, Gordon, Davey, Iain, van Willigen, Zoe, Elliott, Sarah, Ortiz-RuizDeGordoa, Laura, Cooper, Jessica, Philips, Barbara, Rains, Jenny, Pitts, Sally, Beauchamp, Nigel, Reading, Isabel and Grocott, Mike (2025) Improving physical function with physiotherapy assistants following intensive care unit admission (EMPRESS): a randomised controlled feasibility study. Journal of the Intensive Care Society, [17511437251328899]. (doi:10.1177/17511437251328899).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Introduction: early rehabilitation of critically ill patients is challenging due to limited staff resources. This study assessed the feasibility of delivering a randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy assistants delivering early protocolised rehabilitation plus usual care compared with usual care. 

Methods: we conducted a randomised feasibility study in three U.K. mixed medical/surgical intensive care units. Eligible patients were intubated and ventilated <72 h, expected to be ventilated for a further 48 h, and functionally independent before ICU admission. Patients were randomised to protocolised early rehabilitation plus usual care or usual care. Feasibility outcomes were (i) recruitment of one to two patients/per month/site; (ii) >75% of patients commencing the intervention within 72 h of ventilation with >70% interventions delivered; and (iii) blinded outcome measures recorded at three-time points in >80% of patients. 

Results: the study delivery was compromised by the COVID-19 pandemic: 46 patients were enrolled, of which 22 were allocated to intervention. Feasibility outcomes: (i) recruitment of 0.9 patients/month/site, (ii) 90% of patients commenced interventions within 72 h of ventilation, with 166/264 (63%) of study interventions delivered: median total 22.5 min (IQR 15–35) of therapy per day in the usual care group and 45 min (IQR 25–70) in the intervention group, and (iii) the outcome assessments were performed at three-time points for 64% of survivors, 63% of which were blinded. 

Conclusion: while delivery of protocolised rehabilitation by physiotherapy assistants is feasible, the design of a future RCT needs to consider strategies to improve recruitment and complete blinded outcome assessments.

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e-pub ahead of print date: 16 May 2025
Additional Information: Publisher Copyright: © The Intensive Care Society 2025.
Keywords: critical care, cycle ergometry, exercise therapy, Feasibility, humans, physical therapy modalities, physiotherapy assistant, protocolised rehabilitation

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 502992
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/502992
ISSN: 1751-1437
PURE UUID: b7e91ed3-2acd-4553-946c-5b6dddef649e
ORCID for Rebecca J. Cusack: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-2863-2870
ORCID for Kay Mitchell: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-6393-8475
ORCID for Ahilanandan Dushianthan: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-3359
ORCID for Isabel Reading: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-1457-6532
ORCID for Mike Grocott: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-9484-7581

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Date deposited: 15 Jul 2025 16:54
Last modified: 11 Sep 2025 03:03

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Contributors

Author: Rebecca J. Cusack ORCID iD
Author: Andrew Bates
Author: Hannah Golding
Author: Kay Mitchell ORCID iD
Author: Linda Denehy
Author: Nicholas Hart
Author: Ahilanandan Dushianthan ORCID iD
Author: Gordon Sturmey
Author: Iain Davey
Author: Zoe van Willigen
Author: Sarah Elliott
Author: Laura Ortiz-RuizDeGordoa
Author: Jessica Cooper
Author: Barbara Philips
Author: Jenny Rains
Author: Sally Pitts
Author: Nigel Beauchamp
Author: Isabel Reading ORCID iD
Author: Mike Grocott ORCID iD

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