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Facial age estimation: a research roadmap for technological and legal development and deployment

Facial age estimation: a research roadmap for technological and legal development and deployment
Facial age estimation: a research roadmap for technological and legal development and deployment
Automated facial age assessment systems operate in either estimation mode - predicting age based on facial traits, or verification mode - confirming a claimed age. These systems support access control to age-restricted goods, services, and content, and can be used in areas like e-commerce, social media, forensics, and refugee support. They may also personalise services in healthcare, finance, and advertising. While improving technological accuracy is essential, deployment must consider legal, ethical, sociological, alongside technological factors. This white paper reviews the current challenges in deploying such systems, outlines the relevant legal and regulatory landscape, and explores future research for fair, robust, and ethical age estimation technologies.
Guest, Richard
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Lievens, Eva
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Sas, Martin
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Botoeva, Elena
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Adeyemo, Temitope
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Verdoodt, Valerie
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Fernandes, Elora
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Allgrove, Chris
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Guest, Richard
93533dbd-b101-491b-83cc-39ccfdc18165
Lievens, Eva
672f51fc-87e6-4efc-9cb0-45e391614400
Sas, Martin
922933ce-cf6b-4fe7-b43a-ca6d0cbc3a9a
Botoeva, Elena
3340ca45-e889-4e8e-b3d8-02604a235fbd
Adeyemo, Temitope
67cdc924-0ccb-4302-b83e-b5ac501a59c6
Verdoodt, Valerie
f5d22c46-d86b-4179-bbc7-f8d64f7c079f
Fernandes, Elora
dea91651-21ce-4ba9-95a2-c5f0df29a67a
Allgrove, Chris
eccf7619-16c8-4e5a-bd1a-c5125ecd2703

[Unknown type: UNSPECIFIED]

Record type: UNSPECIFIED

Abstract

Automated facial age assessment systems operate in either estimation mode - predicting age based on facial traits, or verification mode - confirming a claimed age. These systems support access control to age-restricted goods, services, and content, and can be used in areas like e-commerce, social media, forensics, and refugee support. They may also personalise services in healthcare, finance, and advertising. While improving technological accuracy is essential, deployment must consider legal, ethical, sociological, alongside technological factors. This white paper reviews the current challenges in deploying such systems, outlines the relevant legal and regulatory landscape, and explores future research for fair, robust, and ethical age estimation technologies.

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2505.22401v1 - Author's Original
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Accepted/In Press date: 29 May 2025
Published date: 29 May 2025

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 503109
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/503109
PURE UUID: 3fc62457-39af-4343-aba6-e819bb45aca3
ORCID for Richard Guest: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-7535-7336

Catalogue record

Date deposited: 21 Jul 2025 17:01
Last modified: 22 Aug 2025 02:42

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Contributors

Author: Richard Guest ORCID iD
Author: Eva Lievens
Author: Martin Sas
Author: Elena Botoeva
Author: Temitope Adeyemo
Author: Valerie Verdoodt
Author: Elora Fernandes
Author: Chris Allgrove

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