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Shifts from surface density compensation to projected warming, freshening and stronger stratification in the subpolar North Atlantic

Shifts from surface density compensation to projected warming, freshening and stronger stratification in the subpolar North Atlantic
Shifts from surface density compensation to projected warming, freshening and stronger stratification in the subpolar North Atlantic
The hydrography and stratification of the subpolar North Atlantic is highly variable, with convection activating and deactivating across parts of the Labrador and Irminger seas. Likely consequential for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), this variability is examined in an eddy-rich ocean model hindcast spanning 1958-2021 and in 1950-2050 simulations with four climate models, spanning differences in ocean resolution (eddy-rich or eddy-permitting), code and implementation. Stratification of the Labrador and Irminger seas is quantified with the Potential Energy Anomaly (PEA) in the upper 1000 m of the water column. Monthly PEA anomalies are evaluated alongside corresponding anomalies of sea surface temperature, salinity, and density. For 30-year windows, moving correlations between PEA and surface properties are obtained over the 100-year simulations to characterize the evolving relationships. As climate change progresses, stratification in three of the four models is increasingly associated with variable surface salinity, in both regions. Lagrangian analyses of surface flow pathways in the decades preceding 1990 and 2040 are undertaken for one of the models in which surface salinity grows in influence. The subpolar presence of low-salinity Arctic waters and high-salinity subtropical Atlantic waters are found to increase and decrease respectively by 2040. Furthermore, in three of the four models, surface density compensation associated with correlation of surface temperature and salinity anomalies is progressively replaced by combined surface warming and freshening, lowering surface density, and strengthening stratification. The extent of these model-dependent changes and processes are of consequence for the projected fate of the AMOC by the mid twenty-first century.
Labrador; Irminger; Stratification; Arctic; Freshwater
0930-7575
8227-8253
Marsh, Robert
702c2e7e-ac19-4019-abd9-a8614ab27717
Dey, Dipanjan
6abca563-f99d-4554-a0b8-945d5621b16b
Lenn, Yueng-Djern
083a4d58-6bfc-4465-bb58-c2493e873d0a
Roberts, Emyr Martin
b3326e69-600e-415d-94d5-20901d0329b2
Marsh, Robert
702c2e7e-ac19-4019-abd9-a8614ab27717
Dey, Dipanjan
6abca563-f99d-4554-a0b8-945d5621b16b
Lenn, Yueng-Djern
083a4d58-6bfc-4465-bb58-c2493e873d0a
Roberts, Emyr Martin
b3326e69-600e-415d-94d5-20901d0329b2

Marsh, Robert, Dey, Dipanjan, Lenn, Yueng-Djern and Roberts, Emyr Martin (2024) Shifts from surface density compensation to projected warming, freshening and stronger stratification in the subpolar North Atlantic. Climate Dynamics, 62 (8), 8227-8253. (doi:10.1007/s00382-024-07336-6).

Record type: Article

Abstract

The hydrography and stratification of the subpolar North Atlantic is highly variable, with convection activating and deactivating across parts of the Labrador and Irminger seas. Likely consequential for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), this variability is examined in an eddy-rich ocean model hindcast spanning 1958-2021 and in 1950-2050 simulations with four climate models, spanning differences in ocean resolution (eddy-rich or eddy-permitting), code and implementation. Stratification of the Labrador and Irminger seas is quantified with the Potential Energy Anomaly (PEA) in the upper 1000 m of the water column. Monthly PEA anomalies are evaluated alongside corresponding anomalies of sea surface temperature, salinity, and density. For 30-year windows, moving correlations between PEA and surface properties are obtained over the 100-year simulations to characterize the evolving relationships. As climate change progresses, stratification in three of the four models is increasingly associated with variable surface salinity, in both regions. Lagrangian analyses of surface flow pathways in the decades preceding 1990 and 2040 are undertaken for one of the models in which surface salinity grows in influence. The subpolar presence of low-salinity Arctic waters and high-salinity subtropical Atlantic waters are found to increase and decrease respectively by 2040. Furthermore, in three of the four models, surface density compensation associated with correlation of surface temperature and salinity anomalies is progressively replaced by combined surface warming and freshening, lowering surface density, and strengthening stratification. The extent of these model-dependent changes and processes are of consequence for the projected fate of the AMOC by the mid twenty-first century.

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s00382-024-07336-6 - Version of Record
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Accepted/In Press date: 5 July 2024
e-pub ahead of print date: 17 July 2024
Published date: 17 July 2024
Keywords: Labrador; Irminger; Stratification; Arctic; Freshwater

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 503144
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/503144
ISSN: 0930-7575
PURE UUID: 1f8d8f3d-0a8b-4cb5-abe5-b7aa42827e07
ORCID for Dipanjan Dey: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-9588-4042

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Date deposited: 22 Jul 2025 16:49
Last modified: 22 Aug 2025 02:35

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Contributors

Author: Robert Marsh
Author: Dipanjan Dey ORCID iD
Author: Yueng-Djern Lenn
Author: Emyr Martin Roberts

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