Boorman, Peter G., Svoboda, Jiří, Stern, Daniel, Lehmer, Bret D., Borkar, Abhijeet, Brightman, Murray, Earnshaw, Hannah P., Harrison, Fiona A., Kouroumpatzakis, Konstantinos, Adamcová, Barbora, Assef, Roberto J., Ehle, Matthias, Grefenstette, Brian, Grossová, Romana, Gupta, Maitrayee, Kammoun, Elias, Kawamuro, Taiki, Marcotulli, Lea, Mikušincová, Romana, Middleton, Matthew J., Nathan, Edward, Piotrowska, Joanna M., Somalwar, Jean J., Torres-Albà, Núria, Walton, Dominic J. and Weisz, Daniel R. (2025) XMM-Newton conclusively identifies an active galactic nucleus in a green pea galaxy. The Astrophysical Journal, 988 (2). (doi:10.48550/arXiv.2505.08885).
Abstract
Green Pea galaxies are a class of compact, low-mass, low-metallicity star-forming galaxies in the relatively local universe. They are believed to be analogues of high-redshift galaxies that re-ionised the universe and, indeed, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is now uncovering such populations at record redshifts. Intriguingly, JWST finds evidence suggestive of active galactic nuclei (AGN) in many of these distant galaxies, including the elusive Little Red Dots, that broadly lack any detectable X-ray counterparts. Intuitively, one would expect to detect an AGN in their low-redshift analogues with X-rays, yet no study to date has conclusively identified an X-ray AGN within a Green Pea galaxy. Here we present the deepest X-ray campaign of a Green Pea galaxy performed to date, obtained with the goal of discerning the presence of a (potentially low-luminosity) AGN. The target $-$ SDSS J082247.66 +224144.0 (J0822+2241 hereafter) $-$ was previously found to display a comparable X-ray spectral shape to more local AGN ($\Gamma$ $\sim$ 2) and a high luminosity ($L_{2-10\,{\rm keV}}$ $\sim$ 10$^{42}$ erg s$^{-1}$). We show that over 6.2 years (rest-frame), the 2$-$10 keV luminosity of J0822+2241 is constant, whereas the soft 0.5$-$2 keV flux has decreased significantly by $\sim$60%. We discuss possible scenarios to explain the X-ray properties of J0822+2241, finding transient low-column density obscuration surrounding an AGN to be the only plausible scenario. J0822+2241 thus provides further evidence that low-luminosity AGN activity could have contributed to the epoch of reionisation, and that local analogues are useful to derive a complete multi-wavelength picture of black hole growth in high redshift low luminosity AGN.
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