The impact of sedentary behavior and physical activity on bone health: a narrative review from the rehabilitation Working Group of the International Osteoporosis Foundation

Abstract

Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) are two key lifestyle factors with profound implications for bone health across the lifespan. While PA is recognized for its positive effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture prevention, emerging evidence highlights the detrimental consequences of prolonged sedentary time, independent of PA levels. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the impact of PA and SB on bone health outcomes, focusing on BMD and fracture risk in children, adolescents, adults, and older populations. A selection of epidemiological studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses was analyzed to explore the associations between movement behaviors and bone health indicators across different life stages. Particular attention was given to studies objectively measuring SB and PA and to the substitution effects of sedentary time with light or moderate-to-vigorous PA. In children and adolescents, higher levels of SB are associated with lower BMD, particularly at weight-bearing sites, while participation in weight-bearing and impact-loading PA positively influences bone mass accrual. In adults and older individuals, regular PA, including moderate-to-vigorous intensity weight-bearing PA and resistance training activities, is consistently linked to greater BMD and reduced fracture risk. Conversely, high sedentary time is associated with lower BMD and increased fracture incidence, particularly among frail or pre-frail individuals. Importantly, replacing sedentary time with even light-intensity PA yields measurable benefits for bone health, particularly among older adults and postmenopausal women, and may contribute to a reduced risk of fractures, although evidence remains limited. Promoting PA while minimizing SB should be central to clinical practice and public health policies aimed at maximizing and preserving skeletal health and preventing osteoporotic fractures, across the lifespan. Early intervention, continuous promotion across life stages, and adherence to WHO guidelines offer an effective, evidence-based framework for lifelong bone health maintenance.

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