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Word embeddings reveal growing moral concern for people, animals and the environment

Word embeddings reveal growing moral concern for people, animals and the environment
Word embeddings reveal growing moral concern for people, animals and the environment

The Enlightenment idea of historical moral progress asserts that civil societies become more moral over time. This is often understood as an expanding moral circle and is argued to be tightly linked with language use, with some suggesting that shifts in how we express concern for others can be considered an important indicator of moral progress. Our research explores these notions by examining historical trends in natural language use during the 19th and 20th centuries. We found that the associations between words denoting moral concern and words referring to people, animals, and the environment grew stronger over time. The findings support widely-held views about the nature of moral progress by showing that language has changed in a way that reflects greater concern for others.

moral circle, moral expansiveness, moral progress, natural language processing, word embeddings
0144-6665
1925-1938
Leach, Stefan
6bdc5639-c135-46b8-bcf9-2dd00646ee9a
Kitchin, Andrew P.
afc32803-8aa9-4cfd-b825-09244685f455
Sutton, Robbie M.
c5c423f8-fc77-4778-9666-8fb0c1fc42b0
Leach, Stefan
6bdc5639-c135-46b8-bcf9-2dd00646ee9a
Kitchin, Andrew P.
afc32803-8aa9-4cfd-b825-09244685f455
Sutton, Robbie M.
c5c423f8-fc77-4778-9666-8fb0c1fc42b0

Leach, Stefan, Kitchin, Andrew P. and Sutton, Robbie M. (2023) Word embeddings reveal growing moral concern for people, animals and the environment. British Journal of Social Psychology, 62 (4), 1925-1938. (doi:10.1111/bjso.12663).

Record type: Article

Abstract

The Enlightenment idea of historical moral progress asserts that civil societies become more moral over time. This is often understood as an expanding moral circle and is argued to be tightly linked with language use, with some suggesting that shifts in how we express concern for others can be considered an important indicator of moral progress. Our research explores these notions by examining historical trends in natural language use during the 19th and 20th centuries. We found that the associations between words denoting moral concern and words referring to people, animals, and the environment grew stronger over time. The findings support widely-held views about the nature of moral progress by showing that language has changed in a way that reflects greater concern for others.

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Accepted/In Press date: 1 June 2023
e-pub ahead of print date: 5 July 2023
Published date: October 2023
Keywords: moral circle, moral expansiveness, moral progress, natural language processing, word embeddings

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 505589
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/505589
ISSN: 0144-6665
PURE UUID: 550c5c28-195d-4345-9142-8d78aeaed4af
ORCID for Stefan Leach: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-4065-3519

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Date deposited: 14 Oct 2025 16:44
Last modified: 15 Oct 2025 02:17

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Contributors

Author: Stefan Leach ORCID iD
Author: Andrew P. Kitchin
Author: Robbie M. Sutton

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