Cashin, Aidan G., Hansford, Harrison J., Hernán, Miguel A., Swanson, Sonja A., Lee, Hopin, Jones, Matthew D., Dahabreh, Issa J., Dickerman, Barbra A., Egger, Matthias, Garcia-Albeniz, Xabier, Golub, Robert M., Islam, Nazrul, Lodi, Sara, Moreno-Betancur, Margarita, Pearson, Sallie-Anne, Schneeweiss, Sebastian, Sharp, Melissa K., Sterne, Jonathan A.C., Stuart, Elizabeth A. and McAuley, James H. (2025) Transparent reporting of observational studies emulating a Target Trial—the TARGET statement. JAMA, 334 (12), 1084-1093. (doi:10.1001/jama.2025.13350).
Abstract
Importance: when randomized trials are unavailable or not feasible, observational studies can be used to answer causal questions about the comparative effects of interventions by attempting to emulate a hypothetical pragmatic randomized trial (target trial). Published guidance to aid reporting of these studies is not available.
Objective: to develop consensus-based guidance for reporting observational studies performed to estimate causal effects by explicitly emulating a target trial.
Design, setting, and participants: the Transparent Reporting of Observational Studies Emulating a Target Trial (TARGET) guideline was developed using the Enhancing the Quality and Transparency of Health Research (EQUATOR) framework. The development included (1) a systematic review of reporting practices in published studies that had explicitly aimed to emulate a target trial; (2) a 2-round online survey (August 2023 to March 2024; 18 expert participants from 6 countries) to assess the importance of candidate items selected from previous research and to identify additional items; (3) a 3-day expert consensus meeting (June 2024; 18 panelists) to refine the scope of the guideline and draft the checklist; and (4) pilot of the draft checklist with stakeholders (n = 108; September 2024 to February 2025). The checklist was further refined based on feedback on successive drafts.
Findings: the 21-item TARGET checklist is organized into 6 sections (abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, other information). TARGET provides guidance for reporting observational studies of interventions explicitly emulating a parallel group, individually randomized target trial, with adjustment for baseline confounders. Key recommendations are to (1) identify the study as an observational emulation of a target trial; (2) summarize the causal question and reason for emulating a target trial, (3) clearly specify the target trial protocol (ie, the causal estimand, identifying assumptions, data analysis plan) and how it was mapped to the observational data, and (4) report the estimate obtained for each causal estimand, its precision, and findings from additional analyses to assess the sensitivity of the estimates to assumptions, and design and analysis choices.
Conclusions and relevance: application of the TARGET guideline recommendations aims to improve reporting transparency and peer review and help researchers, clinicians, and other readers interpret and apply the results.
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