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Mapping relationships among gross motor skills in 16,989 children using network analysis

Mapping relationships among gross motor skills in 16,989 children using network analysis
Mapping relationships among gross motor skills in 16,989 children using network analysis

The development of gross motor skills during childhood is crucial for shaping more complex movements and laying the groundwork for physical activity, and subsequently lifelong health and enhanced well-being. Performance in motor skills improves throughout development, with the greatest improvements occurring during childhood. Understanding the relationships between developing gross motor skills is essential for informing educational and intervention practices. A total of 16,989 children aged 3–11 years underwent assessment of gross motor skills. Using network analysis, gross motor skills networks were constructed for the entire sample, and stratified by age and sex. The accuracy and stability of the networks were assessed, and centrality and bridge statistics were estimated for each node. The results indicated that running and two-hand catching exhibited higher centrality and bridge statistics compared to the other nodes in the all-sample network. Additionally, it was observed that the strength between nodes decreased and their distance increased with age. These results highlight the importance of specific gross motor skills due to their significant role in relation to other skills within the network. Gross motor skills progress towards increased independence and specialisation during development, indicating the importance of early educational interventions where children could benefit from educational practices focused on catching and running.

Children, Gross motor skills, Motor development, Network analysis
2045-2322
Vagnetti, Roberto
769db927-be78-4c31-84c5-5ed4379c6fea
Cooper, Simon
6e2152a9-87e8-44c5-a84a-ba1f1d20a189
Carlevaro, Fabio
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Boat, Ruth
c1e85e80-4e29-4f09-8026-d51cabf18fd7
Magno, Francesca
87ecfc99-275f-49a9-9681-36ed9671fdbf
Musella, Giovanni
64815766-6903-48c2-ac34-68eb3bbe7a43
Magistro, Daniele
ab9296bc-fda6-469e-a3f8-3a574faa1b7e
Vagnetti, Roberto
769db927-be78-4c31-84c5-5ed4379c6fea
Cooper, Simon
6e2152a9-87e8-44c5-a84a-ba1f1d20a189
Carlevaro, Fabio
64db4e9a-72d3-4948-b2c2-c54d85f27528
Boat, Ruth
c1e85e80-4e29-4f09-8026-d51cabf18fd7
Magno, Francesca
87ecfc99-275f-49a9-9681-36ed9671fdbf
Musella, Giovanni
64815766-6903-48c2-ac34-68eb3bbe7a43
Magistro, Daniele
ab9296bc-fda6-469e-a3f8-3a574faa1b7e

Vagnetti, Roberto, Cooper, Simon, Carlevaro, Fabio, Boat, Ruth, Magno, Francesca, Musella, Giovanni and Magistro, Daniele (2025) Mapping relationships among gross motor skills in 16,989 children using network analysis. Scientific Reports, 15 (1), [11591]. (doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95924-9).

Record type: Article

Abstract

The development of gross motor skills during childhood is crucial for shaping more complex movements and laying the groundwork for physical activity, and subsequently lifelong health and enhanced well-being. Performance in motor skills improves throughout development, with the greatest improvements occurring during childhood. Understanding the relationships between developing gross motor skills is essential for informing educational and intervention practices. A total of 16,989 children aged 3–11 years underwent assessment of gross motor skills. Using network analysis, gross motor skills networks were constructed for the entire sample, and stratified by age and sex. The accuracy and stability of the networks were assessed, and centrality and bridge statistics were estimated for each node. The results indicated that running and two-hand catching exhibited higher centrality and bridge statistics compared to the other nodes in the all-sample network. Additionally, it was observed that the strength between nodes decreased and their distance increased with age. These results highlight the importance of specific gross motor skills due to their significant role in relation to other skills within the network. Gross motor skills progress towards increased independence and specialisation during development, indicating the importance of early educational interventions where children could benefit from educational practices focused on catching and running.

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s41598-025-95924-9 - Version of Record
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More information

Accepted/In Press date: 25 March 2025
Published date: 4 April 2025
Keywords: Children, Gross motor skills, Motor development, Network analysis

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 506010
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/506010
ISSN: 2045-2322
PURE UUID: 7f01a045-1dbe-4c36-b2d1-6eb0894d0db6
ORCID for Daniele Magistro: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-2554-3701

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Date deposited: 27 Oct 2025 17:53
Last modified: 28 Oct 2025 03:10

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Contributors

Author: Roberto Vagnetti
Author: Simon Cooper
Author: Fabio Carlevaro
Author: Ruth Boat
Author: Francesca Magno
Author: Giovanni Musella
Author: Daniele Magistro ORCID iD

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