Mathematical models for derivative securities markets
Mathematical models for derivative securities markets
The classical Black-Scholes analysis determines a unique, continuous, trading strategy which allows one to hedge a financial option perfectly and leads to a unique price for the option. It assumes, however, that there are no transaction costs involved in implementing this strategy, and the stock market is absolutely liquid. In this work some new results are obtained to accommodate costs of hedging, which occur in practice, and market imperfections into the option pricing framework. In Part One transaction charges are dealt with by means of the mean-variance technique, originally developed by Markowitz. This approach is based on the minimisation of the variance of the outcome at expiry subject to spending at most a given initial endowment. Since "perfect" replication is no longer possible in this case, there will always be an unavoidable element of risk associated with writing an option. Therefore, the option price is now not unique. A mean-variance approach makes option pricing relatively easy and meaningful to an investor, who is supposed to choose a point on the mean-deviation locus. In the limit of zero transaction costs, the problem naturally reduces to the Black-Scholes valuation method, unlike alternative approaches based on the utility-maximisation. The stochastic optimisation problem obtained is dealt with by means of the stochastic version of Pontryagin's maximum principle. This technique is believed to be applied to this kind of problem for the first time. In general the resulting free-boundary problem has to be solved numerically, but for a small level of proportional transaction costs an asymptotic solution is possible. Regions of short term and long term dynamics are identified and the intermediate behaviour is obtained by matching these regions. The perturbation analysis of the utility-maximisation approach is also revised in this work, and amendments are obtained.In addition, the maximum principle is applied to the Portfolio Selection problem of Markowitz. The dynamical rebalancing technique developed in this work proves more efficient than the classical static approach, and allows investors to obtain portfolios with lower levels of risk. The model presented in Part Two is an attempt to quantify the concept of liquidity and establish relations between various measures of market performance. Informational inefficiency is argued to be the main reason for the unavailability of an asset at its equilibrium price. A mathematical model to describe the asset price behaviour together with arbitrage considerations enable us to estimate the component of the bid-ask spread arising from the outstanding information. The impact of the market liquidity on hedging an option with another option as well as the underlying asset itself is also examined. Although in the last case uncertainty cannot be completely eliminated from the hedged portfolio, a unique risk-minimising strategy is found.
Putyatin, Vladislav Evgenievich
b94b9860-22e7-44c3-9368-a11a1c59b956
May 1998
Putyatin, Vladislav Evgenievich
b94b9860-22e7-44c3-9368-a11a1c59b956
Putyatin, Vladislav Evgenievich
(1998)
Mathematical models for derivative securities markets.
University of Southampton, Department of Mathematics, Doctoral Thesis, 108pp.
Record type:
Thesis
(Doctoral)
Abstract
The classical Black-Scholes analysis determines a unique, continuous, trading strategy which allows one to hedge a financial option perfectly and leads to a unique price for the option. It assumes, however, that there are no transaction costs involved in implementing this strategy, and the stock market is absolutely liquid. In this work some new results are obtained to accommodate costs of hedging, which occur in practice, and market imperfections into the option pricing framework. In Part One transaction charges are dealt with by means of the mean-variance technique, originally developed by Markowitz. This approach is based on the minimisation of the variance of the outcome at expiry subject to spending at most a given initial endowment. Since "perfect" replication is no longer possible in this case, there will always be an unavoidable element of risk associated with writing an option. Therefore, the option price is now not unique. A mean-variance approach makes option pricing relatively easy and meaningful to an investor, who is supposed to choose a point on the mean-deviation locus. In the limit of zero transaction costs, the problem naturally reduces to the Black-Scholes valuation method, unlike alternative approaches based on the utility-maximisation. The stochastic optimisation problem obtained is dealt with by means of the stochastic version of Pontryagin's maximum principle. This technique is believed to be applied to this kind of problem for the first time. In general the resulting free-boundary problem has to be solved numerically, but for a small level of proportional transaction costs an asymptotic solution is possible. Regions of short term and long term dynamics are identified and the intermediate behaviour is obtained by matching these regions. The perturbation analysis of the utility-maximisation approach is also revised in this work, and amendments are obtained.In addition, the maximum principle is applied to the Portfolio Selection problem of Markowitz. The dynamical rebalancing technique developed in this work proves more efficient than the classical static approach, and allows investors to obtain portfolios with lower levels of risk. The model presented in Part Two is an attempt to quantify the concept of liquidity and establish relations between various measures of market performance. Informational inefficiency is argued to be the main reason for the unavailability of an asset at its equilibrium price. A mathematical model to describe the asset price behaviour together with arbitrage considerations enable us to estimate the component of the bid-ask spread arising from the outstanding information. The impact of the market liquidity on hedging an option with another option as well as the underlying asset itself is also examined. Although in the last case uncertainty cannot be completely eliminated from the hedged portfolio, a unique risk-minimising strategy is found.
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Published date: May 1998
Organisations:
University of Southampton
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Local EPrints ID: 50648
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/50648
PURE UUID: 442d3a11-4a9d-444b-b4ff-9d26bd1c0897
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Date deposited: 06 Apr 2008
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 10:09
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Author:
Vladislav Evgenievich Putyatin
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