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Understanding extreme-wave hazards on high-energy coasts requires a standardised approach to field data collection: Analysis and recommendations

Understanding extreme-wave hazards on high-energy coasts requires a standardised approach to field data collection: Analysis and recommendations
Understanding extreme-wave hazards on high-energy coasts requires a standardised approach to field data collection: Analysis and recommendations

Coastal boulder deposits provide vital information on extreme wave events. They are crucial for understanding storm and tsunami impacts on rocky coasts, and for understanding long-term hazard histories. But study of these deposits is still a young field, and growth in investigation has been rapid, without much contact between research groups. Therefore, inconsistencies in field data collection among different studies hinder cross-site comparisons and limit the applicability of findings across disciplines. This paper analyses field methodologies for coastal boulder deposit measurement based using an integrated database (ISROC-DB), and demonstrates inconsistencies in current approaches. We use the analysis as a basis for outlining protocols to improve data comparability and utility for geoscientists, engineers, and coastal planners. Using standardised and comprehensive data reporting with due attention to precision and reproducibility-including site characteristics, boulder dimensions, complete positional data, tide characteristics, and geodetic and local topographic datum information-will help ensure complete data retrieval in the field. Applying these approaches will further ensure that data collected at different times and/or locations, and by different groups, is useful not just for the study being undertaken, but for other researchers to analyse and reuse. We hope to foster development of the large, internally consistent datasets that are the basis for fruitful meta-analysis. This is particularly important given increasing focus on long-term monitoring of coastal change. By recommending a common set of measurements, adaptable to available equipment and personnel, this work aims to support accurate and thorough coastal boulder deposit documentation, enabling broader applicability and future-proofed datasets. Field protocols described and recommended here also apply as best practices for coastal geomorphology field work in general.

1561-8633
4203-4226
Cox, Rónadh
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Bourke, Mary C.
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Engel, Max
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Kennedy, Andrew B.
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Lau, Annie
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Suanez, Serge
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Boulton, Sarah J.
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Oliveira, Maria Alexandra
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Paris, Raphaël
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Salmanidou, Dimitra
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Spiske, Michaela
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Stephenson, Wayne
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Roberts, Storm
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Switzer, Adam D.
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Mhammdi, Nadia
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Cullen, Niamh D.
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Watanabe, Masashi
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Cox, Rónadh
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Bourke, Mary C.
5fddaacd-b484-4d3f-8919-6c0b24acf8a6
Engel, Max
448fe652-1319-4722-a49a-98448164c9c2
Kennedy, Andrew B.
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Lau, Annie
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Suanez, Serge
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Boulton, Sarah J.
3863cae4-2891-4cac-a67d-355e34fbecd9
Oliveira, Maria Alexandra
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Paris, Raphaël
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Salmanidou, Dimitra
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Spiske, Michaela
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Stephenson, Wayne
cb00e07b-699a-4d95-9a00-7fcb69212eec
Roberts, Storm
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Switzer, Adam D.
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Mhammdi, Nadia
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Cullen, Niamh D.
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Watanabe, Masashi
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Cox, Rónadh, Bourke, Mary C., Engel, Max, Kennedy, Andrew B., Lau, Annie, Suanez, Serge, Boulton, Sarah J., Oliveira, Maria Alexandra, Paris, Raphaël, Salmanidou, Dimitra, Spiske, Michaela, Stephenson, Wayne, Roberts, Storm, Switzer, Adam D., Mhammdi, Nadia, Cullen, Niamh D. and Watanabe, Masashi (2025) Understanding extreme-wave hazards on high-energy coasts requires a standardised approach to field data collection: Analysis and recommendations. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 25 (10), 4203-4226. (doi:10.5194/nhess-25-4203-2025).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Coastal boulder deposits provide vital information on extreme wave events. They are crucial for understanding storm and tsunami impacts on rocky coasts, and for understanding long-term hazard histories. But study of these deposits is still a young field, and growth in investigation has been rapid, without much contact between research groups. Therefore, inconsistencies in field data collection among different studies hinder cross-site comparisons and limit the applicability of findings across disciplines. This paper analyses field methodologies for coastal boulder deposit measurement based using an integrated database (ISROC-DB), and demonstrates inconsistencies in current approaches. We use the analysis as a basis for outlining protocols to improve data comparability and utility for geoscientists, engineers, and coastal planners. Using standardised and comprehensive data reporting with due attention to precision and reproducibility-including site characteristics, boulder dimensions, complete positional data, tide characteristics, and geodetic and local topographic datum information-will help ensure complete data retrieval in the field. Applying these approaches will further ensure that data collected at different times and/or locations, and by different groups, is useful not just for the study being undertaken, but for other researchers to analyse and reuse. We hope to foster development of the large, internally consistent datasets that are the basis for fruitful meta-analysis. This is particularly important given increasing focus on long-term monitoring of coastal change. By recommending a common set of measurements, adaptable to available equipment and personnel, this work aims to support accurate and thorough coastal boulder deposit documentation, enabling broader applicability and future-proofed datasets. Field protocols described and recommended here also apply as best practices for coastal geomorphology field work in general.

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nhess-25-4203-2025 - Version of Record
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Accepted/In Press date: 16 August 2025
Published date: 28 October 2025
Additional Information: Publisher Copyright: © 2025 Rónadh Cox et al.

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 507310
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/507310
ISSN: 1561-8633
PURE UUID: 710ac8bd-1d5e-4138-a205-6321b7a729a7
ORCID for Masashi Watanabe: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-7385

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Date deposited: 03 Dec 2025 17:42
Last modified: 04 Dec 2025 03:07

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Contributors

Author: Rónadh Cox
Author: Mary C. Bourke
Author: Max Engel
Author: Andrew B. Kennedy
Author: Annie Lau
Author: Serge Suanez
Author: Sarah J. Boulton
Author: Maria Alexandra Oliveira
Author: Raphaël Paris
Author: Dimitra Salmanidou
Author: Michaela Spiske
Author: Wayne Stephenson
Author: Storm Roberts
Author: Adam D. Switzer
Author: Nadia Mhammdi
Author: Niamh D. Cullen
Author: Masashi Watanabe ORCID iD

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