COVID-19 associated neurological and psychological manifestations
COVID-19 associated neurological and psychological manifestations
Long COVID is an infection-associated chronic condition that typically occurs within 3 months of acute COVID-19 infection in which symptoms are intermittently or continuously present for at least 3 months. Long COVID is estimated to affect between 80 and 400 million people globally, with an incidence of 5–20% in the community and up to 50% among hospitalized patients following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Common neuropsychiatric and mental health symptoms of long COVID include memory deficits, executive dysfunction, anxiety, depression, recurring headaches, sleep disturbances, neuropathies, problems with taste and smell, and dizziness that accompanies erratic heart rates and severe post-exertional malaise. Underlying pathophysiological mechanisms includes SARS-CoV-2 viral persistence, herpesvirus reactivation, microbiota dysbiosis, autoimmunity, clotting and endothelial abnormalities, and chronic immune activation. Owing to the variability in the clinical presentation, management must be tailored based on a patient’s presenting symptoms.
Wilson, Jo Ellen
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Gurdasani, Deepti
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Helbok, Raimund
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Ozturk, Serefnur
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Fraser, Douglas D.
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Filipović, Saša R.
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Peluso, Michael J.
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Iwasaki, Akiko
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Yasuda, Clarissa Lin
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Bocci, Tommaso
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Priori, Alberto
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Altmann, Daniel
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Alwan, Nisreen A.
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Ely, E. Wesley
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24 December 2025
Wilson, Jo Ellen
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Gurdasani, Deepti
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Helbok, Raimund
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Ozturk, Serefnur
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Fraser, Douglas D.
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Filipović, Saša R.
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Peluso, Michael J.
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Iwasaki, Akiko
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Yasuda, Clarissa Lin
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Bocci, Tommaso
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Priori, Alberto
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Altmann, Daniel
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Alwan, Nisreen A.
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Ely, E. Wesley
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Wilson, Jo Ellen, Gurdasani, Deepti, Helbok, Raimund, Ozturk, Serefnur, Fraser, Douglas D., Filipović, Saša R., Peluso, Michael J., Iwasaki, Akiko, Yasuda, Clarissa Lin, Bocci, Tommaso, Priori, Alberto, Altmann, Daniel, Alwan, Nisreen A. and Ely, E. Wesley
(2025)
COVID-19 associated neurological and psychological manifestations.
Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 11.
(doi:10.1038/s41572-025-00674-7).
Abstract
Long COVID is an infection-associated chronic condition that typically occurs within 3 months of acute COVID-19 infection in which symptoms are intermittently or continuously present for at least 3 months. Long COVID is estimated to affect between 80 and 400 million people globally, with an incidence of 5–20% in the community and up to 50% among hospitalized patients following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Common neuropsychiatric and mental health symptoms of long COVID include memory deficits, executive dysfunction, anxiety, depression, recurring headaches, sleep disturbances, neuropathies, problems with taste and smell, and dizziness that accompanies erratic heart rates and severe post-exertional malaise. Underlying pathophysiological mechanisms includes SARS-CoV-2 viral persistence, herpesvirus reactivation, microbiota dysbiosis, autoimmunity, clotting and endothelial abnormalities, and chronic immune activation. Owing to the variability in the clinical presentation, management must be tailored based on a patient’s presenting symptoms.
Text
NRDP-25-009_NeuroCOVID_V2_clean_1761852155_48_jw_11172025_submit
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Accepted/In Press date: 18 November 2025
Published date: 24 December 2025
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Local EPrints ID: 509034
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/509034
PURE UUID: 9cefd170-68d1-4a54-9764-28c9f57723fb
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Date deposited: 10 Feb 2026 17:44
Last modified: 11 Feb 2026 02:49
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Contributors
Author:
Jo Ellen Wilson
Author:
Deepti Gurdasani
Author:
Raimund Helbok
Author:
Serefnur Ozturk
Author:
Douglas D. Fraser
Author:
Saša R. Filipović
Author:
Michael J. Peluso
Author:
Akiko Iwasaki
Author:
Clarissa Lin Yasuda
Author:
Tommaso Bocci
Author:
Alberto Priori
Author:
Daniel Altmann
Author:
E. Wesley Ely
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