Flame stabilisation mechanism for single and multiple jets in cross-flow using the conditional moment closure
Flame stabilisation mechanism for single and multiple jets in cross-flow using the conditional moment closure
The flame stabilisation mechanism for single and multiple reacting jets in cross-flow has been investigated using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with the Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) as the sub-grid combustion model and a detailed chemical mechanism for pure hydrogen fuel. It has been found that a single jet in cross-flow (SJICF) has higher jet penetration depth compared to multiple jets in cross-flow (MJICF). This behaviour is attributed to the proximity of the counter-rotating vortex pairs of the three jets, which induces a downward negative velocity component, thereby influencing the jet stem. The flame stabilisation mechanism has been investigated using the budget of individual terms in the CMC equation. The CMC budget analysis reveals that upstream of the reactive zone, a premixed flame structure is observed with a convection-diffusion balance, whereas further downstream, a non-premixed flame structure prevails with a balance between micromixing and chemical reactions.
Awad, H.S.A.M.
f5b8fcc9-2e32-4a38-8cc2-1bb1cc0e7151
Rajendram Soundararajan, P.
27962fcb-d8a8-405a-b137-086815ec8e29
Gkantonas, S.
a3c3c319-3edb-49f2-bc74-3249d4b76dc2
Mastorakos, E.
eb40ac23-2b3d-4eb2-9419-8e8b9b9b24a5
24 November 2025
Awad, H.S.A.M.
f5b8fcc9-2e32-4a38-8cc2-1bb1cc0e7151
Rajendram Soundararajan, P.
27962fcb-d8a8-405a-b137-086815ec8e29
Gkantonas, S.
a3c3c319-3edb-49f2-bc74-3249d4b76dc2
Mastorakos, E.
eb40ac23-2b3d-4eb2-9419-8e8b9b9b24a5
Awad, H.S.A.M., Rajendram Soundararajan, P., Gkantonas, S. and Mastorakos, E.
(2025)
Flame stabilisation mechanism for single and multiple jets in cross-flow using the conditional moment closure.
Flow Turbulence and Combustion, 116, [3].
(doi:10.1007/s10494-025-00703-1).
Abstract
The flame stabilisation mechanism for single and multiple reacting jets in cross-flow has been investigated using Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with the Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) as the sub-grid combustion model and a detailed chemical mechanism for pure hydrogen fuel. It has been found that a single jet in cross-flow (SJICF) has higher jet penetration depth compared to multiple jets in cross-flow (MJICF). This behaviour is attributed to the proximity of the counter-rotating vortex pairs of the three jets, which induces a downward negative velocity component, thereby influencing the jet stem. The flame stabilisation mechanism has been investigated using the budget of individual terms in the CMC equation. The CMC budget analysis reveals that upstream of the reactive zone, a premixed flame structure is observed with a convection-diffusion balance, whereas further downstream, a non-premixed flame structure prevails with a balance between micromixing and chemical reactions.
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s10494-025-00703-1
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Accepted/In Press date: 31 October 2025
e-pub ahead of print date: 24 November 2025
Published date: 24 November 2025
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Local EPrints ID: 509463
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/509463
ISSN: 1386-6184
PURE UUID: 32746491-beff-4d02-807b-eda877daebc9
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Date deposited: 23 Feb 2026 18:04
Last modified: 24 Feb 2026 03:11
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Author:
H.S.A.M. Awad
Author:
P. Rajendram Soundararajan
Author:
S. Gkantonas
Author:
E. Mastorakos
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