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Socio-economic, structural, and policy drivers of agroforestry in Great Britain

Socio-economic, structural, and policy drivers of agroforestry in Great Britain
Socio-economic, structural, and policy drivers of agroforestry in Great Britain

Agroforestry (AF) is widely recognised as an effective approach for addressing the climate, biodiversity, and food security impacts of modern agriculture, yet its adoption remains limited. This paper examines the economic, structural, social and policy factors influencing farmer adoption of eight AF practices in Great Britain. Survey data from 315 farmers, including a Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) experiment, are analysed using a spatial multivariate ordered probit model. Farmers show a higher intention to adopt low-intensity practices (e.g., small woods, windbreaks) compared to more transformative integrated systems (silvoarable, silvopasture and agrosilvopasture). The BWS results suggest that the level of financial support is an important consideration when evaluating AF schemes, Farmers prefer schemes that include upfront payments and do not require public access to their land. We further find that the factors affecting the likelihood of adoption differ across the eight practices considered. We argue that strategies aiming to increase AF uptake must be practice-specific and designed to address the distinct technical and perceptual barriers associated with different AF systems (e.g. targeted financial support, and building market infrastructure for silvoarable, coupled with demographically-tailored outreach that aligns scheme communication with farmer identity, age, and location). Scaling up AF requires differentiated, evidence-based interventions that reflect farmer priorities and preferences for specific AF practices.

Agri-environmental schemes, Agroforestry adoption, Best-worst scaling, Farmers decision-making, Spatial analysis
0264-8377
Areal, Francisco
449090f2-37c6-4c6f-9068-29fa68d7cf7d
Remoundou, Kyriaki
907d281a-c1de-49d1-944d-be3ce2eb3e6d
Clark, Beth
2c353d05-0df6-4504-b0c9-035b031f9b54
Jin, Shan
c45f712c-0d46-4f0a-9939-21995b49f5ac
Fu, Rao
4f7f0026-b025-473d-89c6-d5a9b336d91d
Eigenbrod, Felix
43efc6ae-b129-45a2-8a34-e489b5f05827
Lukac, Martin
6f06fc30-3792-42c4-a7af-4228531ed81e
Arn Teh, Yit
098e3b26-4f31-4282-8ae1-6d30412a022d
Frewer, Lynn
03a0c372-5b76-4fa0-b826-63cb8a716c7c
Areal, Francisco
449090f2-37c6-4c6f-9068-29fa68d7cf7d
Remoundou, Kyriaki
907d281a-c1de-49d1-944d-be3ce2eb3e6d
Clark, Beth
2c353d05-0df6-4504-b0c9-035b031f9b54
Jin, Shan
c45f712c-0d46-4f0a-9939-21995b49f5ac
Fu, Rao
4f7f0026-b025-473d-89c6-d5a9b336d91d
Eigenbrod, Felix
43efc6ae-b129-45a2-8a34-e489b5f05827
Lukac, Martin
6f06fc30-3792-42c4-a7af-4228531ed81e
Arn Teh, Yit
098e3b26-4f31-4282-8ae1-6d30412a022d
Frewer, Lynn
03a0c372-5b76-4fa0-b826-63cb8a716c7c

Areal, Francisco, Remoundou, Kyriaki, Clark, Beth, Jin, Shan, Fu, Rao, Eigenbrod, Felix, Lukac, Martin, Arn Teh, Yit and Frewer, Lynn (2026) Socio-economic, structural, and policy drivers of agroforestry in Great Britain. Land Use Policy, 165, [108008]. (doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2026.108008).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Agroforestry (AF) is widely recognised as an effective approach for addressing the climate, biodiversity, and food security impacts of modern agriculture, yet its adoption remains limited. This paper examines the economic, structural, social and policy factors influencing farmer adoption of eight AF practices in Great Britain. Survey data from 315 farmers, including a Best-Worst Scaling (BWS) experiment, are analysed using a spatial multivariate ordered probit model. Farmers show a higher intention to adopt low-intensity practices (e.g., small woods, windbreaks) compared to more transformative integrated systems (silvoarable, silvopasture and agrosilvopasture). The BWS results suggest that the level of financial support is an important consideration when evaluating AF schemes, Farmers prefer schemes that include upfront payments and do not require public access to their land. We further find that the factors affecting the likelihood of adoption differ across the eight practices considered. We argue that strategies aiming to increase AF uptake must be practice-specific and designed to address the distinct technical and perceptual barriers associated with different AF systems (e.g. targeted financial support, and building market infrastructure for silvoarable, coupled with demographically-tailored outreach that aligns scheme communication with farmer identity, age, and location). Scaling up AF requires differentiated, evidence-based interventions that reflect farmer priorities and preferences for specific AF practices.

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LUP-D-25-02113_R2 - Accepted Manuscript
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution.
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More information

Accepted/In Press date: 26 February 2026
e-pub ahead of print date: 28 February 2026
Published date: 28 February 2026
Additional Information: Publisher Copyright: © 2026 The Authors
Keywords: Agri-environmental schemes, Agroforestry adoption, Best-worst scaling, Farmers decision-making, Spatial analysis

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 510291
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/510291
ISSN: 0264-8377
PURE UUID: f8b67c70-374f-4db4-958e-32b1601304dd
ORCID for Felix Eigenbrod: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-8982-824X

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Date deposited: 24 Mar 2026 17:54
Last modified: 06 Jun 2026 01:44

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Contributors

Author: Francisco Areal
Author: Kyriaki Remoundou
Author: Beth Clark
Author: Shan Jin
Author: Rao Fu
Author: Felix Eigenbrod ORCID iD
Author: Martin Lukac
Author: Yit Arn Teh
Author: Lynn Frewer

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