Semi-empirical models of galaxy formation and evolution
Semi-empirical models of galaxy formation and evolution
We provide a review on semi-empirical models of galaxy formation and evolution. First we present a brief census of the three main modeling approaches to galaxy evolution, namely hydrodynamical simulations, semi-analytic models, and semi-empirical models (SEMs). Then we focus on SEMs in their different flavors, i.e., interpretative, descriptive and hybrid, discussing the peculiarities and highlighting virtues and shortcomings for each of these variants. Moreover, we dissect a simple and recent hybrid SEM from our team to highlight some technical aspects. Finally, we offer some outlook on the prospective developments of SEMs, and we provide a short summary of this review.
(Super)massive black holes, Dark matter halos, Galaxy formation and evolution, Semi-empirical models
554-575
Lapi, Andrea
126b5f87-60fa-4a57-8b84-802d5ffb1f17
Boco, Lumen
93c3f9ff-ba52-468f-b627-bc6cdae83e8f
Shankar, Francesco
b10c91e4-85cd-4394-a18a-d4f049fd9cdb
28 August 2025
Lapi, Andrea
126b5f87-60fa-4a57-8b84-802d5ffb1f17
Boco, Lumen
93c3f9ff-ba52-468f-b627-bc6cdae83e8f
Shankar, Francesco
b10c91e4-85cd-4394-a18a-d4f049fd9cdb
Lapi, Andrea, Boco, Lumen and Shankar, Francesco
(2025)
Semi-empirical models of galaxy formation and evolution.
In,
Encyclopedia of Astrophysics.
Elsevier, .
(doi:10.1016/B978-0-443-21439-4.00060-2).
Record type:
Book Section
Abstract
We provide a review on semi-empirical models of galaxy formation and evolution. First we present a brief census of the three main modeling approaches to galaxy evolution, namely hydrodynamical simulations, semi-analytic models, and semi-empirical models (SEMs). Then we focus on SEMs in their different flavors, i.e., interpretative, descriptive and hybrid, discussing the peculiarities and highlighting virtues and shortcomings for each of these variants. Moreover, we dissect a simple and recent hybrid SEM from our team to highlight some technical aspects. Finally, we offer some outlook on the prospective developments of SEMs, and we provide a short summary of this review.
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e-pub ahead of print date: 28 August 2025
Published date: 28 August 2025
Keywords:
(Super)massive black holes, Dark matter halos, Galaxy formation and evolution, Semi-empirical models
Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 510321
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/510321
PURE UUID: 2e04608d-7fb9-4326-bf35-c1ac39dd2f3a
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Date deposited: 25 Mar 2026 17:55
Last modified: 25 Mar 2026 17:56
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Contributors
Author:
Andrea Lapi
Author:
Lumen Boco
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