Positive feedback of marine N2O emissions during past extreme warming
Positive feedback of marine N2O emissions during past extreme warming
The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 55.9 million years ago) was a rapid, CO2-driven climate polycrisis, with global warming of 5-6°C1,2, ocean acidification3-5, and deoxygenation6-8. These stresses may have affected marine nitrogen cycling, particularly nitrification—a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O) 9 that remains underexplored on geological timescales. By integrating proxy records with Earth System modeling, we show that nitrification globally increased by ~56% during the PETM. Inhibiting effects of ocean deoxygenation10 and acidification11 on nitrification were outweighed by increased ammonium supply and nitrifier niche expansion. Enhanced nitrification led to a ~290% increase in total marine N2O production, contributing 0.3-1.4℃ of warming during the PETM. Our results highlight a strong, positive climatic feedback from nitrogen cycle perturbations under extreme global warming, ocean deoxygenation and acidification.
Zhao, Xiaoxiao
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Monteiro, Fanny
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Becker, Kevin
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Dirksen, Lukas
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Cordes, Julia
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Lipp, Julius
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Carter, Susan
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Rochelle-Bates, Nathan
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Hollingsworth, Emily
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Jones, Morgan
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Schultz, Bo
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Dickson, Alexander
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Kaya, Mustafa
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Güldner, Ferris
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Stüeken, Eva
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Inglis, Gordon
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Pancost, Richard
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Hinrichs, Kai
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Pearson, Ann
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Elling, Felix J.
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10 February 2026
Zhao, Xiaoxiao
d528a9c2-2621-46bd-9e78-9dc819991608
Monteiro, Fanny
bd81cd79-9b4d-4069-97ff-0fd18b764544
Becker, Kevin
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Dirksen, Lukas
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Cordes, Julia
520ad097-df96-4376-bf11-4778e24cf29d
Lipp, Julius
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Carter, Susan
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Rochelle-Bates, Nathan
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Hollingsworth, Emily
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Jones, Morgan
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Schultz, Bo
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Dickson, Alexander
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Kaya, Mustafa
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Güldner, Ferris
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Stüeken, Eva
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Inglis, Gordon
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Pancost, Richard
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Hinrichs, Kai
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Pearson, Ann
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Elling, Felix J.
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