The eye as a window to systemic health: a survey of retinal imaging from classical techniques to oculomics
The eye as a window to systemic health: a survey of retinal imaging from classical techniques to oculomics
The unique vascularized anatomy of the human eye, encased in the retina, provides an opportunity to act as a window for human health. The retinal structure assists in assessing the early detection, monitoring of disease progression and intervention for both ocular and non-ocular diseases. The advancement in imaging technology leveraging Artificial Intelligence has seized this opportunity to bridge the gap between the eye and human health. This approach facilitates the unveiling of systemic health insights from the ocular system and the identification of non-invasive surrogate markers for timely intervention and detection. The new frontiers of oculomics in ophthalmology cover both ocular and systemic diseases, and are getting more attention to explore them. In this survey paper, we explore the evolution of retinal imaging techniques, the dire need for the integration of AI-driven analysis, and the shift of retinal imaging from classical techniques to oculomics. We also discuss some hurdles that may be faced in the progression of oculomics, highlighting the research gaps and future directions.
Retinal imaging, Retinal vasculature, Oculomics, Systemic diseases, Artificial intelligence, Deep learning, Retinal biomarkers, Phenotypes, Genotypes
Inamullah, Inamullah
290a01a2-14e0-49e5-9a34-72a291a402ae
Razzak, Imran
85c57ead-8a63-4aec-bba3-559a43dd5888
Jameel, Shoaib
ae3c588e-4a59-43d9-af41-ea30d7caaf96
15 November 2025
Inamullah, Inamullah
290a01a2-14e0-49e5-9a34-72a291a402ae
Razzak, Imran
85c57ead-8a63-4aec-bba3-559a43dd5888
Jameel, Shoaib
ae3c588e-4a59-43d9-af41-ea30d7caaf96
Inamullah, Inamullah, Razzak, Imran and Jameel, Shoaib
(2025)
The eye as a window to systemic health: a survey of retinal imaging from classical techniques to oculomics.
The Journal of Precision Medicine: Health and Disease, 4, [100023].
(doi:10.1016/j.premed.2025.100023).
Abstract
The unique vascularized anatomy of the human eye, encased in the retina, provides an opportunity to act as a window for human health. The retinal structure assists in assessing the early detection, monitoring of disease progression and intervention for both ocular and non-ocular diseases. The advancement in imaging technology leveraging Artificial Intelligence has seized this opportunity to bridge the gap between the eye and human health. This approach facilitates the unveiling of systemic health insights from the ocular system and the identification of non-invasive surrogate markers for timely intervention and detection. The new frontiers of oculomics in ophthalmology cover both ocular and systemic diseases, and are getting more attention to explore them. In this survey paper, we explore the evolution of retinal imaging techniques, the dire need for the integration of AI-driven analysis, and the shift of retinal imaging from classical techniques to oculomics. We also discuss some hurdles that may be faced in the progression of oculomics, highlighting the research gaps and future directions.
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Accepted/In Press date: 23 September 2025
e-pub ahead of print date: 26 September 2025
Published date: 15 November 2025
Keywords:
Retinal imaging, Retinal vasculature, Oculomics, Systemic diseases, Artificial intelligence, Deep learning, Retinal biomarkers, Phenotypes, Genotypes
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Local EPrints ID: 511734
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/511734
PURE UUID: 95a3043b-a464-429e-a572-3c9153cc2665
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Date deposited: 29 May 2026 16:39
Last modified: 29 May 2026 16:39
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Author:
Inamullah Inamullah
Author:
Imran Razzak
Author:
Shoaib Jameel
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