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The influence of head growth in fetal life, infancy, and childhood on intelligence at the ages of 4 and 8 years

The influence of head growth in fetal life, infancy, and childhood on intelligence at the ages of 4 and 8 years
The influence of head growth in fetal life, infancy, and childhood on intelligence at the ages of 4 and 8 years
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of head growth prenatally, during infancy, and during later periods of development on cognitive function at the ages of 4 and 8 years. METHODS: We studied 633 term-born children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort whose head circumference was measured at birth and at regular intervals thereafter. Their cognitive function was assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence at the age of 4 years and with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at the age of 8 years. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate postnatal head growth between successive time points, conditional on previous size, and to examine the relationship between head growth during different periods of development and later IQ. RESULTS: When the influence of head growth was distinguished for different periods, only prenatal growth and growth during infancy were associated with subsequent IQ. At 4 years, after adjustment for parental characteristics, full-scale IQ increased an average of 2.41 points for each 1-SD increase in head circumference at birth and 1.97 points for each 1-SD increase in head growth during infancy, conditional on head size at birth. At 8 years, head circumference at birth was no longer associated with IQ, but head growth during infancy remained a significant predictor, with full-scale IQ increasing an average of 1.56 points for each 1-SD increase in growth. CONCLUSION: The brain volume a child achieves by the age of 1 year helps determine later intelligence. Growth in brain volume after infancy may not compensate for poorer earlier growth.
0031-4005
1486-1492
Gale, Catharine R.
5bb2abb3-7b53-42d6-8aa7-817e193140c8
O'Callaghan, Finbar J.
ac13f6d9-2bc3-4499-a1d9-e0911137b5fb
Bredow, Maria
d311a216-7f3c-4e15-8a58-2ef4538eeea9
Martyn, Christopher
1c716090-077c-45b2-a7ab-cd552d94f681
Gale, Catharine R.
5bb2abb3-7b53-42d6-8aa7-817e193140c8
O'Callaghan, Finbar J.
ac13f6d9-2bc3-4499-a1d9-e0911137b5fb
Bredow, Maria
d311a216-7f3c-4e15-8a58-2ef4538eeea9
Martyn, Christopher
1c716090-077c-45b2-a7ab-cd552d94f681

Gale, Catharine R., O'Callaghan, Finbar J., Bredow, Maria and Martyn, Christopher (2006) The influence of head growth in fetal life, infancy, and childhood on intelligence at the ages of 4 and 8 years. Pediatrics, 118 (4), 1486-1492. (doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2629).

Record type: Article

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of head growth prenatally, during infancy, and during later periods of development on cognitive function at the ages of 4 and 8 years. METHODS: We studied 633 term-born children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort whose head circumference was measured at birth and at regular intervals thereafter. Their cognitive function was assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence at the age of 4 years and with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children at the age of 8 years. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate postnatal head growth between successive time points, conditional on previous size, and to examine the relationship between head growth during different periods of development and later IQ. RESULTS: When the influence of head growth was distinguished for different periods, only prenatal growth and growth during infancy were associated with subsequent IQ. At 4 years, after adjustment for parental characteristics, full-scale IQ increased an average of 2.41 points for each 1-SD increase in head circumference at birth and 1.97 points for each 1-SD increase in head growth during infancy, conditional on head size at birth. At 8 years, head circumference at birth was no longer associated with IQ, but head growth during infancy remained a significant predictor, with full-scale IQ increasing an average of 1.56 points for each 1-SD increase in growth. CONCLUSION: The brain volume a child achieves by the age of 1 year helps determine later intelligence. Growth in brain volume after infancy may not compensate for poorer earlier growth.

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Published date: October 2006

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 61123
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/61123
ISSN: 0031-4005
PURE UUID: 7f691199-b487-47d1-8d81-2126e94122df
ORCID for Catharine R. Gale: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-3361-8638

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Date deposited: 01 Apr 2009
Last modified: 16 Mar 2024 02:49

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Contributors

Author: Finbar J. O'Callaghan
Author: Maria Bredow
Author: Christopher Martyn

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