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Clinical studies of real-time monitoring of lithotripter performance using passive acoustic sensors

Clinical studies of real-time monitoring of lithotripter performance using passive acoustic sensors
Clinical studies of real-time monitoring of lithotripter performance using passive acoustic sensors
This paper describes the development and clinical testing of a passive device which monitors the passive acoustic emissions generated within the patient's body during Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). Designed and clinically tested so that it can be operated by a nurse, the device analyses the echoes generated in the body in response to each ESWL shock, and so gives real time shock-by-shock feedback on whether the stone was at the focus of the lithotripter, and if so whether the previous shock contributed to stone fragmentation when that shock reached the focus. A shock is defined as being 'effective' if these two conditions are satisfied. Not only can the device provide real-time feedback to the operator, but the trends in shock 'effectiveness' can inform treatment. In particular, at any time during the treatment (once a statistically significant number of shocks have been delivered), the percentage of shocks which were 'effective' provides a treatment score TS(t) which reflects the effectiveness of the treatment up to that point. The TS(t) figure is automatically delivered by the device without user intervention. Two clinical studies of the device were conducted, the ethics guidelines permitting only use of the value of TS(t) obtained at the end of treatment (this value is termed the treatment score TS0). The acoustically-derived treatment score was compared with the treatment score CTS2 given by the consultant urologist at the three-week patient's follow-up appointment. In the first clinical study (phase 1), records could be compared for 30 out of the 118 patients originally recruited, and the results of phase 1 were used to refine the parameter values (the 'rules') with which the acoustic device provides its treatment score. These rules were tested in phase 2, for which records were compared for 49 of the 85 patients recruited. Considering just the phase 2 results (since the phase 1 data were used to draw up the `rules' under which phase 2 operated), comparison of the opinion of the urologist at follow-up with the acoustically derived judgment identified a good correlation (kappa = 0.94), the device demonstrating a sensitivity of 91.7% (in that it correctly predicted 11 of the 12 treatments which the urologist stated had been 'successful' at the 3-week follow-up), and a specificity of 100% (in that it correctly predicted all of the 37 treatments which the urologist stated had been 'unsuccessful' at the 3-week follow-up). The 'gold standard' opinion of the urologist (CTS2) correlated poorly (kappa = 0.38) with the end-of-treatment opinion of the radiographer (CTS1). This is due to the limited resolution of the lithotripter X-Ray fluoroscopy system. If the results of phase 1 and phase 2 are pooled to form a dataset against which retrospectively to test the rules drawn up in phase 1, when compared with the gold standard CTS2, over the two clinical trials (79 patients) the device-derived scored (TS0) correctly predicted the clinical effectiveness of the treatment for 78 for the 79 patients (the error occurred on a difficult patient with a high body mass index). In comparison, using the currently available technology the in-theatre clinician (the radiographer) provided a treatment score CTS1 which correctly predicted the outcome of only 61 of the 79 therapies. In particular the passive acoustic device correctly predicted 18 of the 19 treatments that were successful (i.e. 94.7 sensitivity), whilst the current technology enabled the in-theatre radiographer to predict only 7 of the 19 successful treatments (i.e. 36.8 sensitivity). The real-time capabilities of the device were used in a preliminary examination of the effect of ventilation.
lithotripsy, cavitation, kidney stone fragmentation, eswl, passive acoustic sensor
9780735405776
(1)
256-277
American Institute of Physics
Leighton, T.G.
3e5262ce-1d7d-42eb-b013-fcc5c286bbae
Fedele, F.
5388869a-313f-4069-a2e9-69cd832c68ca
Coleman, A.J.
1c05afe0-16b8-4547-98fb-93ed8872ea0e
McCarthy, C.
04832e04-6197-47b4-b9d3-571f576def4d
Ryves, S.
83341507-9e34-4920-99db-fb3ec36fa1fc
Hurrell, A.M.
f4555c9f-a7fd-4b90-965d-a10a640fd780
De Stefano, A.
103547f3-163d-4670-8839-1799a638e653
White, P.R.
2dd2477b-5aa9-42e2-9d19-0806d994eaba
Evan, A.P.
Lingeman, J.E.
McAteer, J.A.
Williams Jr, J.C.
Leighton, T.G.
3e5262ce-1d7d-42eb-b013-fcc5c286bbae
Fedele, F.
5388869a-313f-4069-a2e9-69cd832c68ca
Coleman, A.J.
1c05afe0-16b8-4547-98fb-93ed8872ea0e
McCarthy, C.
04832e04-6197-47b4-b9d3-571f576def4d
Ryves, S.
83341507-9e34-4920-99db-fb3ec36fa1fc
Hurrell, A.M.
f4555c9f-a7fd-4b90-965d-a10a640fd780
De Stefano, A.
103547f3-163d-4670-8839-1799a638e653
White, P.R.
2dd2477b-5aa9-42e2-9d19-0806d994eaba
Evan, A.P.
Lingeman, J.E.
McAteer, J.A.
Williams Jr, J.C.

Leighton, T.G., Fedele, F., Coleman, A.J., McCarthy, C., Ryves, S., Hurrell, A.M., De Stefano, A. and White, P.R. (2008) Clinical studies of real-time monitoring of lithotripter performance using passive acoustic sensors. Evan, A.P., Lingeman, J.E., McAteer, J.A. and Williams Jr, J.C. (eds.) In Renal Stone Disease 2: 2nd International Urolithiasis Research Symposium. vol. 1049, American Institute of Physics. pp. 256-277 . (doi:10.1063/1.2998033).

Record type: Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)

Abstract

This paper describes the development and clinical testing of a passive device which monitors the passive acoustic emissions generated within the patient's body during Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL). Designed and clinically tested so that it can be operated by a nurse, the device analyses the echoes generated in the body in response to each ESWL shock, and so gives real time shock-by-shock feedback on whether the stone was at the focus of the lithotripter, and if so whether the previous shock contributed to stone fragmentation when that shock reached the focus. A shock is defined as being 'effective' if these two conditions are satisfied. Not only can the device provide real-time feedback to the operator, but the trends in shock 'effectiveness' can inform treatment. In particular, at any time during the treatment (once a statistically significant number of shocks have been delivered), the percentage of shocks which were 'effective' provides a treatment score TS(t) which reflects the effectiveness of the treatment up to that point. The TS(t) figure is automatically delivered by the device without user intervention. Two clinical studies of the device were conducted, the ethics guidelines permitting only use of the value of TS(t) obtained at the end of treatment (this value is termed the treatment score TS0). The acoustically-derived treatment score was compared with the treatment score CTS2 given by the consultant urologist at the three-week patient's follow-up appointment. In the first clinical study (phase 1), records could be compared for 30 out of the 118 patients originally recruited, and the results of phase 1 were used to refine the parameter values (the 'rules') with which the acoustic device provides its treatment score. These rules were tested in phase 2, for which records were compared for 49 of the 85 patients recruited. Considering just the phase 2 results (since the phase 1 data were used to draw up the `rules' under which phase 2 operated), comparison of the opinion of the urologist at follow-up with the acoustically derived judgment identified a good correlation (kappa = 0.94), the device demonstrating a sensitivity of 91.7% (in that it correctly predicted 11 of the 12 treatments which the urologist stated had been 'successful' at the 3-week follow-up), and a specificity of 100% (in that it correctly predicted all of the 37 treatments which the urologist stated had been 'unsuccessful' at the 3-week follow-up). The 'gold standard' opinion of the urologist (CTS2) correlated poorly (kappa = 0.38) with the end-of-treatment opinion of the radiographer (CTS1). This is due to the limited resolution of the lithotripter X-Ray fluoroscopy system. If the results of phase 1 and phase 2 are pooled to form a dataset against which retrospectively to test the rules drawn up in phase 1, when compared with the gold standard CTS2, over the two clinical trials (79 patients) the device-derived scored (TS0) correctly predicted the clinical effectiveness of the treatment for 78 for the 79 patients (the error occurred on a difficult patient with a high body mass index). In comparison, using the currently available technology the in-theatre clinician (the radiographer) provided a treatment score CTS1 which correctly predicted the outcome of only 61 of the 79 therapies. In particular the passive acoustic device correctly predicted 18 of the 19 treatments that were successful (i.e. 94.7 sensitivity), whilst the current technology enabled the in-theatre radiographer to predict only 7 of the 19 successful treatments (i.e. 36.8 sensitivity). The real-time capabilities of the device were used in a preliminary examination of the effect of ventilation.

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More information

Published date: 18 April 2008
Venue - Dates: Renal Stone Disease 2: 2nd International Urolithiasis Research Symposium, Indianapolis, USA, 2008-04-17 - 2008-04-18
Keywords: lithotripsy, cavitation, kidney stone fragmentation, eswl, passive acoustic sensor

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 63696
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/63696
ISBN: 9780735405776
PURE UUID: 64c85e22-9937-425d-bcf4-62ca92e5313c
ORCID for T.G. Leighton: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-1649-8750
ORCID for P.R. White: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-8713

Catalogue record

Date deposited: 28 Oct 2008
Last modified: 16 Mar 2024 02:44

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Contributors

Author: T.G. Leighton ORCID iD
Author: F. Fedele
Author: A.J. Coleman
Author: C. McCarthy
Author: S. Ryves
Author: A.M. Hurrell
Author: A. De Stefano
Author: P.R. White ORCID iD
Editor: A.P. Evan
Editor: J.E. Lingeman
Editor: J.A. McAteer
Editor: J.C. Williams Jr

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