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Using multidimensional scaling to quantify visual similarity in visual search and beyond

Using multidimensional scaling to quantify visual similarity in visual search and beyond
Using multidimensional scaling to quantify visual similarity in visual search and beyond
Visual search is one of the most widely studied topics in vision science, both as an independent topic of interest, and as a tool for studying attention and visual cognition. A wide literature exists that seeks to understand how people find things under varying conditions of difficulty and complexity, and in situations ranging from the mundane (e.g., looking for one's keys) to those with significant societal importance (e.g., baggage or medical screening). A primary determinant of the ease and probability of success during search are the similarity relationships that exist in the search environment, such as the similarity between the background and the target, or the likeness of the non-targets to one another. A sense of similarity is often intuitive, but it is seldom quantified directly. This presents a problem in that similarity relationships are imprecisely specified, limiting the capacity of the researcher to examine adequately their influence. In this article, we present a novel approach to overcoming this problem that combines multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analyses with behavioral and eye-tracking measurements. We propose a method whereby MDS can be repurposed to successfully quantify the similarity of experimental stimuli, thereby opening up theoretical questions in visual search and attention that cannot currently be addressed. These quantifications, in conjunction with behavioral and oculomotor measures, allow for critical observations about how similarity affects performance, information selection, and information processing. We provide a demonstration and tutorial of the approach, identify documented examples of its use, discuss how complementary computer vision methods could also be adopted, and close with a discussion of potential avenues for future application of this technique.
methods, similarity, multi-dimensional scaling, visual search, eye-movements
1943-3921
3-20
Hout, M.C.
6284da91-ecbd-4e5b-8a61-1332645c0665
Godwin, H.J.
df22dc0c-01d1-440a-a369-a763801851e5
Fitzsimmons, Gemma
ac6b7c69-8992-44f1-92ca-05aa22e75129
Robbins, A.
39255b8b-8bbf-4d39-92e1-59d51a351e07
Menneer, T.
d684eaf6-1494-4004-9973-cb8ccc628efa
Goldinger, S.D.
e6e8b921-7b5c-4e27-8e86-63522ef2fb34
Hout, M.C.
6284da91-ecbd-4e5b-8a61-1332645c0665
Godwin, H.J.
df22dc0c-01d1-440a-a369-a763801851e5
Fitzsimmons, Gemma
ac6b7c69-8992-44f1-92ca-05aa22e75129
Robbins, A.
39255b8b-8bbf-4d39-92e1-59d51a351e07
Menneer, T.
d684eaf6-1494-4004-9973-cb8ccc628efa
Goldinger, S.D.
e6e8b921-7b5c-4e27-8e86-63522ef2fb34

Hout, M.C., Godwin, H.J., Fitzsimmons, Gemma, Robbins, A., Menneer, T. and Goldinger, S.D. (2016) Using multidimensional scaling to quantify visual similarity in visual search and beyond. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 78 (1), 3-20. (doi:10.3758/s13414-015-1010-6).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Visual search is one of the most widely studied topics in vision science, both as an independent topic of interest, and as a tool for studying attention and visual cognition. A wide literature exists that seeks to understand how people find things under varying conditions of difficulty and complexity, and in situations ranging from the mundane (e.g., looking for one's keys) to those with significant societal importance (e.g., baggage or medical screening). A primary determinant of the ease and probability of success during search are the similarity relationships that exist in the search environment, such as the similarity between the background and the target, or the likeness of the non-targets to one another. A sense of similarity is often intuitive, but it is seldom quantified directly. This presents a problem in that similarity relationships are imprecisely specified, limiting the capacity of the researcher to examine adequately their influence. In this article, we present a novel approach to overcoming this problem that combines multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) analyses with behavioral and eye-tracking measurements. We propose a method whereby MDS can be repurposed to successfully quantify the similarity of experimental stimuli, thereby opening up theoretical questions in visual search and attention that cannot currently be addressed. These quantifications, in conjunction with behavioral and oculomotor measures, allow for critical observations about how similarity affects performance, information selection, and information processing. We provide a demonstration and tutorial of the approach, identify documented examples of its use, discuss how complementary computer vision methods could also be adopted, and close with a discussion of potential avenues for future application of this technique.

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Hout et al APP2015 Rev2.docx - Author's Original
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More information

Accepted/In Press date: 10 October 2015
e-pub ahead of print date: 22 October 2015
Published date: January 2016
Keywords: methods, similarity, multi-dimensional scaling, visual search, eye-movements

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 388782
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/388782
ISSN: 1943-3921
PURE UUID: 648d2609-e0c6-4db1-81bc-aac2ccd11203
ORCID for H.J. Godwin: ORCID iD orcid.org/0009-0005-1232-500X
ORCID for Gemma Fitzsimmons: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-4519-0499

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Date deposited: 03 Mar 2016 10:12
Last modified: 15 Mar 2024 03:34

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Contributors

Author: M.C. Hout
Author: H.J. Godwin ORCID iD
Author: Gemma Fitzsimmons ORCID iD
Author: A. Robbins
Author: T. Menneer
Author: S.D. Goldinger

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