Nurse staffing, nursing assistants and hospital mortality: Retrospective longitudinal cohort study

Abstract

Objective To determine the association between daily levels of registered nurse (RN) and nursing assistant staffing and hospital mortality. Design This is a retrospective longitudinal observational study using routinely collected data. We used multilevel/hierarchical mixed-effects regression models to explore the association between patient outcomes and daily variation in RN and nursing assistant staffing, measured as hours per patient per day relative to ward mean. Analyses were controlled for ward and patient risk. Participants 138 133 adult patients spending >1 days on general wards between 1 April 2012 and 31 March 2015. Outcomes In-hospital deaths. Results Hospital mortality was 4.1%. The hazard of death was increased by 3% for every day a patient experienced RN staffing below ward mean (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05). Relative to ward mean, each additional hour of RN care available over the first 5 days of a patient’s stay was associated with 3% reduction in the hazard of death (aHR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.0). Days where admissions per RN exceeded 125% of the ward mean were associated with an increased hazard of death (aHR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 1.09). Although low nursing assistant staffing was associated with increases in mortality, high nursing assistant staffing was also associated with increased mortality. Conclusion Lower RN staffing and higher levels of admissions per RN are associated with increased risk of death during an admission to hospital. These findings highlight the possible consequences of reduced nurse staffing and do not give support to policies that encourage the use of nursing assistants to compensate for shortages of RNs. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made.

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ORCID for P. Griffiths: orcid.org/0000-0003-2439-2857

ORCID for A. Recio Saucedo: orcid.org/0000-0003-2823-4573

ORCID for J. Ball: orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-2994

ORCID for C. Dall'ora: orcid.org/0000-0002-6858-3535

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