Perspective: moving toward desirable linoleic acid content in infant formula

Abstract

Infant formula should provide the appropriate nutrients and adequate energy to facilitate healthy infant 41 growth and development. If conclusive data on quantitative nutrient requirements are not available, the 42 composition of human milk (HM) can provide some first guidance on infant formula composition. This 43 paper provides a narrative review on current knowledge, unresolved questions and future research needs 44 in the area of HM fatty acid composition, with a particular focus on exploring appropriate intake levels 45 of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid (LA), in infant formula. The paper highlights a clear gap in 46 clinical evidence as to the impact of LA levels in HM or formula on infant outcomes such as growth, 47 development and long-term health. The available preclinical information suggests potential 48 disadvantages of a high LA intake in the early postnatal period. We recommend performing well-49 designed clinical intervention trials to create clarity on optimal levels of LA which achieve positive 50 impacts on both short-term growth and development and long-term functional health outcomes

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ORCID for Philip Calder: orcid.org/0000-0002-6038-710X

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