Three-dimensional imaging of the structural phase transition in a single vanadium dioxide nanocrystal

Abstract

Vanadium dioxide (VO ₂) is a strongly correlated material that exhibits a number of structural phase transitions (SPT) near to room temperature of considerable utility for various technological applications. When reduced to the nanoscale, a foreknowledge of surface and interface properties of VO ₂ during the SPT can facilitate the development of devices based on VO ₂. Herein, it is shown that Bragg coherent X-ray diffractive imaging (BCDI) combined with machine learning is an effective means to recover three-dimensional images of a single VO ₂ nanocrystal during a temperature-induced SPT from a room-temperature monoclinic phase to a high-temperature rutile phase. The findings reveal the coexistence of multiple phases within the nanocrystal throughout the transition, along with missing density which indicates the presence of a newly formed rutile phase.

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