A surrogate FRAX model for Mongolia
A surrogate FRAX model for Mongolia
Summary: a surrogate FRAX® model for Mongolia has been constructed using age- and sex-specific hip fracture rates for mainland China and age- and sex-specific mortality rates from Mongolia.
Introduction: FRAX models are frequently requested for countries with little or no data on the incidence of hip fracture. In such circumstances, the development of a surrogate FRAX model is recommended based on country-specific mortality data but using fracture data from a country, usually within the region, where fracture rates are considered to be representative of the index country.
Objective: this report describes the development and characteristics of a surrogate FRAX model for Mongolia.
Methods: the FRAX model used the ethnic-specific incidence of hip fracture in mainland China, combined with the death risk for Mongolia in 2015-2019. Intervention thresholds were developed based on fracture probabilities equivalent to women with a prior fragility fracture, and their impact was assessed in a referral cohort comprising men at age 50 and above and postmenopausal women. The number of hip fractures in 2015 and 2050 was estimated based on United Nations' predicted changes in population demography.
Results: the surrogate model gave similar hip fracture probabilities to estimates from China. Age-dependent intervention thresholds for a major osteoporotic fracture ranged from a 10-year probability of 2.4% at the age of 40 years to 13.7% at the age of 90 years. In the cohort of those eligible for assessment, 46% of men and 36% of women were eligible for treatment because of a prior fracture. Based on intervention thresholds, a further 0.5% of men and 7.0% of women would be eligible for treatment. It was estimated that 440 hip fractures arose in 2015 in individuals aged 50 years and older in Mongolia, with a predicted 4.3-fold increase expected by 2050, when 1896 hip fractures are expected nationally.
Conclusion: the surrogate FRAX model for Mongolia provides an opportunity to determine fracture probability within the Mongolian population and help guide decisions about treatment.
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, China/epidemiology, Female, Hip Fractures/epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Mongolia/epidemiology, Osteoporotic Fractures/epidemiology, Risk Assessment/methods, Risk Factors
27
Jaalkhorol, M.
e392fbff-cbc2-4f1f-ba78-248e15063dbc
Johansson, H.
05aa5476-bcb9-4b97-905e-00f1dfd9d691
Avirmed, S.
3225405c-1950-4efd-ac44-0942c674164b
Dashtseren, A.
86df1c7f-a012-4405-a7e6-5a4a0c948ac9
Bruyère, O.
855151e7-5d67-44ef-a7bd-b1d0898b432a
Lorentzon, M.
11692e10-5916-4bb5-86c5-3ff9ccd77af6
Harvey, N.C.
ce487fb4-d360-4aac-9d17-9466d6cba145
McCloskey, E.V.
e968a69f-27b8-4568-987d-5d8dbbdff3fd
Kanis, J.A.
ec5ad011-1ed5-43e9-acac-b0d4f535f5b1
16 February 2025
Jaalkhorol, M.
e392fbff-cbc2-4f1f-ba78-248e15063dbc
Johansson, H.
05aa5476-bcb9-4b97-905e-00f1dfd9d691
Avirmed, S.
3225405c-1950-4efd-ac44-0942c674164b
Dashtseren, A.
86df1c7f-a012-4405-a7e6-5a4a0c948ac9
Bruyère, O.
855151e7-5d67-44ef-a7bd-b1d0898b432a
Lorentzon, M.
11692e10-5916-4bb5-86c5-3ff9ccd77af6
Harvey, N.C.
ce487fb4-d360-4aac-9d17-9466d6cba145
McCloskey, E.V.
e968a69f-27b8-4568-987d-5d8dbbdff3fd
Kanis, J.A.
ec5ad011-1ed5-43e9-acac-b0d4f535f5b1
Jaalkhorol, M., Johansson, H., Avirmed, S., Dashtseren, A., Bruyère, O., Lorentzon, M., Harvey, N.C., McCloskey, E.V. and Kanis, J.A.
(2025)
A surrogate FRAX model for Mongolia.
Archives of Osteoporosis, 20 (1), , [27].
(doi:10.1007/s11657-025-01501-y).
Abstract
Summary: a surrogate FRAX® model for Mongolia has been constructed using age- and sex-specific hip fracture rates for mainland China and age- and sex-specific mortality rates from Mongolia.
Introduction: FRAX models are frequently requested for countries with little or no data on the incidence of hip fracture. In such circumstances, the development of a surrogate FRAX model is recommended based on country-specific mortality data but using fracture data from a country, usually within the region, where fracture rates are considered to be representative of the index country.
Objective: this report describes the development and characteristics of a surrogate FRAX model for Mongolia.
Methods: the FRAX model used the ethnic-specific incidence of hip fracture in mainland China, combined with the death risk for Mongolia in 2015-2019. Intervention thresholds were developed based on fracture probabilities equivalent to women with a prior fragility fracture, and their impact was assessed in a referral cohort comprising men at age 50 and above and postmenopausal women. The number of hip fractures in 2015 and 2050 was estimated based on United Nations' predicted changes in population demography.
Results: the surrogate model gave similar hip fracture probabilities to estimates from China. Age-dependent intervention thresholds for a major osteoporotic fracture ranged from a 10-year probability of 2.4% at the age of 40 years to 13.7% at the age of 90 years. In the cohort of those eligible for assessment, 46% of men and 36% of women were eligible for treatment because of a prior fracture. Based on intervention thresholds, a further 0.5% of men and 7.0% of women would be eligible for treatment. It was estimated that 440 hip fractures arose in 2015 in individuals aged 50 years and older in Mongolia, with a predicted 4.3-fold increase expected by 2050, when 1896 hip fractures are expected nationally.
Conclusion: the surrogate FRAX model for Mongolia provides an opportunity to determine fracture probability within the Mongolian population and help guide decisions about treatment.
Text
Mongolia FRAX v3
- Accepted Manuscript
Text
s11657-025-01501-y
- Version of Record
More information
Accepted/In Press date: 16 January 2025
Published date: 16 February 2025
Keywords:
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, China/epidemiology, Female, Hip Fractures/epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Statistical, Mongolia/epidemiology, Osteoporotic Fractures/epidemiology, Risk Assessment/methods, Risk Factors
Identifiers
Local EPrints ID: 499111
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/499111
ISSN: 1862-3522
PURE UUID: 032396d3-3827-4811-8e63-e660838240a8
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Date deposited: 10 Mar 2025 17:32
Last modified: 22 Aug 2025 01:52
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Contributors
Author:
M. Jaalkhorol
Author:
H. Johansson
Author:
S. Avirmed
Author:
A. Dashtseren
Author:
O. Bruyère
Author:
M. Lorentzon
Author:
E.V. McCloskey
Author:
J.A. Kanis
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