Woodrow, Mirembe, Ziauddeen, Nida, Smith, Dianna and Alwan, Nisreen A. (2025) Exploring Long Covid prevalence and patient uncertainty by sociodemographic characteristics using GP Patient Survey data. Health Expectations, 28 (2), [e70202]. (doi:10.1111/hex.70202).
Abstract
Background: the high global burden of Long Covid (LC) has significant implications for population well-being, health care, social care and national economies.
Aim: to explore associations between patient sociodemographic and health characteristics with two outcomes: having LC and expressing uncertainty about having LC, as described by general practice (GP) survey respondents.
Design and setting: analysis of GP Patient Survey (England), a random sample of 759,149 patients aged 16 years+ registered with a GP in England (2023).
Method: multivariable logistic regression modelling comparing those with and without LC, and those who were unsure in relation to patient characteristics.
Results: 4.8% of respondents reported having LC, and 9.1% were unsure. Significant adjusted associations indicating higher risk of LC included age (highest odds 35−54 years), sex (females), ethnicity (White Gypsy/Irish Traveller, mixed/multiple ethnic groups), sexual orientation (gay/lesbian or bisexual), living in a deprived area, being a carer or a parent and having a long-term condition (LTC). Those aged ≤ 25 years, males, non-binary, heterosexual, not parents or carers, from other White, Indian, Bangladeshi, Chinese, Black or Arab backgrounds, former and current smokers, and with no defined LTC were more likely in adjusted analysis to be unsure about having LC compared to answering ‘yes’.
Conclusion: there is an unequal distribution of LC in England, with the condition being more prevalent in minoritised and disadvantaged groups. There are also high levels of uncertainty about having LC. Improved awareness is needed amongst the general population and health care professionals to ensure those most vulnerable in society are identified and provided with care and support.
Patient or public contribution: the analysis builds on previous studies co-created with people with lived experience. A public contributor advised on discussions on dissemination towards optimal impact of this study's findings. Study findings will inform the next phases of the research in which the research questions and design will be co-created with public partners.
How This Fits in
In England there is high prevalence of Long Covid, a COVID-19 infection-induced chronic condition that can limit daily activities significantly. The burden of ill health from Long Covid is unequal, with minoritised groups experiencing higher prevalence. This study adds further evidence of inequality in the prevalence of Long Covid, but also reveals that there are more people who are unsure whether they have Long Covid than those who are confident they have it, with certain groups that are already disadvantaged being more likely to be uncertain if they have the condition. Findings underline a need for greater awareness of Long Covid amongst the public and health care professionals, and for diagnosis, treatment and support to be better distributed according to need.
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