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A probabilistic framework for future load carrying capacity estimation of corroded metallic railway bridges under heavy axle weight trains

A probabilistic framework for future load carrying capacity estimation of corroded metallic railway bridges under heavy axle weight trains
A probabilistic framework for future load carrying capacity estimation of corroded metallic railway bridges under heavy axle weight trains
Assessing the future load carrying capacity (characterised on UK railways by means of a Route Availability number) of historic railway infrastructure under Heavy Axle Weight (HAW) train loads is important for operational and safety reasons. There are, however, considerable difficulties associated with the dual challenges of assessing current condition and potential future rates of degradation. In this paper, a probabilistic assessment framework for estimating future Route Availability (RA) number of ageing metallic railway bridges is proposed. The methodology is demonstrated with reference to a 37.7 m long, single track, three-span, half-through girder, early steel railway bridge. Nonlinear bridge responses to HAW train loads are evaluated using advanced finite-element models accounting for material plasticity, buckling and potential unstable collapse. Possible failure mechanisms were explored using damage measures related to global and localised performance criteria. Ageing of the metallic bridge was modelled assuming that time-dependent non-uniform corrosion dominates the deterioration process. Various model uncertainties, including those governing corrosion, were explicitly accounted for by sampling multiple realisations from a pre-defined multivariate statistical distribution. Future bridge capacity was quantified in the form of Bridge Deterioration Equations (BDEs), i.e., bridge RA number as a function of age and train speed. Derived BDEs suggest that the bridge currently has sufficient capacity, despite nonuniform corrosion to a maximum depth of approximately 3 mm. However, if further deterioration occurs, HAW traffic accessibility could become compromised in three to four decades. The BDE formulation proposed in this paper provides a straightforward piece of information that can be used to support data-driven decision-making processes for both railway infrastructure owners and freight operators.
Age-dependent fragility analysis, Buckling identification, Freight trains, Latin hypercube sampling, U-frame bridge, UK railway
1084-0702
Zhang, Ziliang
1fca0696-ebe9-4ea3-913b-a7ae0888783b
Watson, Geoff
a7b86a0a-9a2c-44d2-99ed-a6c02b2a356d
Milne, David
6b321a45-c19a-4243-b562-517a69e5affc
Powrie, William
600c3f02-00f8-4486-ae4b-b4fc8ec77c3c
Kashani, Mehdi
d1074b3a-5853-4eb5-a4ef-7d741b1c025d
Zhang, Ziliang
1fca0696-ebe9-4ea3-913b-a7ae0888783b
Watson, Geoff
a7b86a0a-9a2c-44d2-99ed-a6c02b2a356d
Milne, David
6b321a45-c19a-4243-b562-517a69e5affc
Powrie, William
600c3f02-00f8-4486-ae4b-b4fc8ec77c3c
Kashani, Mehdi
d1074b3a-5853-4eb5-a4ef-7d741b1c025d

Zhang, Ziliang, Watson, Geoff, Milne, David, Powrie, William and Kashani, Mehdi (2025) A probabilistic framework for future load carrying capacity estimation of corroded metallic railway bridges under heavy axle weight trains. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 30 (11), [04025067]. (doi:10.1061/JBENF2.BEENG-7409).

Record type: Article

Abstract

Assessing the future load carrying capacity (characterised on UK railways by means of a Route Availability number) of historic railway infrastructure under Heavy Axle Weight (HAW) train loads is important for operational and safety reasons. There are, however, considerable difficulties associated with the dual challenges of assessing current condition and potential future rates of degradation. In this paper, a probabilistic assessment framework for estimating future Route Availability (RA) number of ageing metallic railway bridges is proposed. The methodology is demonstrated with reference to a 37.7 m long, single track, three-span, half-through girder, early steel railway bridge. Nonlinear bridge responses to HAW train loads are evaluated using advanced finite-element models accounting for material plasticity, buckling and potential unstable collapse. Possible failure mechanisms were explored using damage measures related to global and localised performance criteria. Ageing of the metallic bridge was modelled assuming that time-dependent non-uniform corrosion dominates the deterioration process. Various model uncertainties, including those governing corrosion, were explicitly accounted for by sampling multiple realisations from a pre-defined multivariate statistical distribution. Future bridge capacity was quantified in the form of Bridge Deterioration Equations (BDEs), i.e., bridge RA number as a function of age and train speed. Derived BDEs suggest that the bridge currently has sufficient capacity, despite nonuniform corrosion to a maximum depth of approximately 3 mm. However, if further deterioration occurs, HAW traffic accessibility could become compromised in three to four decades. The BDE formulation proposed in this paper provides a straightforward piece of information that can be used to support data-driven decision-making processes for both railway infrastructure owners and freight operators.

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More information

Accepted/In Press date: 2025
Published date: 19 August 2025
Keywords: Age-dependent fragility analysis, Buckling identification, Freight trains, Latin hypercube sampling, U-frame bridge, UK railway

Identifiers

Local EPrints ID: 504001
URI: http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/id/eprint/504001
ISSN: 1084-0702
PURE UUID: 726929e2-0f52-46d2-b8fa-1ea7f8ae68ac
ORCID for Geoff Watson: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-3074-5196
ORCID for David Milne: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0001-6702-3918
ORCID for William Powrie: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0002-2271-0826
ORCID for Mehdi Kashani: ORCID iD orcid.org/0000-0003-0008-0007

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Date deposited: 21 Aug 2025 06:44
Last modified: 30 Aug 2025 01:56

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Contributors

Author: Ziliang Zhang
Author: Geoff Watson ORCID iD
Author: David Milne ORCID iD
Author: William Powrie ORCID iD
Author: Mehdi Kashani ORCID iD

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